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  • Articles  (18)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 191 (1990), S. 1633-1640 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Friedel-Crafts acylation of various crosslinked polystyrenes, both microporous and macroporous, by ω-halogenoacyl chlorides, a reaction used by others to functionalise polystyrenes, was carefully investigated. As judged by elemental analyses, the desired reaction to give ω-halogenoacyl residues is always accompanied by side reactions. Infrared spectroscopy indicates that these include crosslinking and the introduction of carboxylic acid groups. The side reactions are less pronounced with the ω-chloro compounds and with the 2% crosslinked microporous polymer. For many applications these side reactions will not be important, but in some cases an awareness of their occurrence could be crucial.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Carboxylgruppen Können in vernetztes Polystyrol über einen Zweistufenprozeß durch 2-Chlorbenzoylierung und Aufspaltung des Reaktionsproduktes mit einer Mischung von Kalium-tert-butoxid und Wasser eingeführt werden. Den Umsatz kann man durch die Gewichtsänderung des Harzes und durch Chloranalyse leicht abschätzen. Carboxylgruppen können auch durch Benzoylierung eingeführt werden. Das bereits beschriebene Verfahren, um Carboxylgruppen einzuführen, indem man vernetztes Polystyrol chlormethyliert, das erhaltene Produkt zu einem Formylharz oxidiert und dieses Produkt zu einem Carboxylharz weiteroxidiert, kann durch die Verwendung von Peressigsäure in Methansulfonsäure als Oxidationsmittel im letzten Schritt verbessert werden.
    Notes: Carboxyl groups can be introduced into crosslinked polystyrene by a two step process involving 2-chlorobenzoylation and cleavage of the product using a mixture of potassium tert-butoxide and water. The reaction yields can be estimated easily by the change in weight of the resin and by chlorine analysis. Carboxyl groups can also be introduced via benzoylation. The previously described method of introducing carboxyl groups, in which crosslinked polystyrene is chloromethylated and the product oxidized to a formyl resin, which is then oxidized to a carboxyl resin, can be improved by using peracetic acid in methanesulphonic acid as the oxidant in the last step.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 489-497 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several reactions involving crosslinked polymers, a solid, and a liquid phase were investigated. Witting reactions between crosslinked polymers (1 and 5) contaning phosphonium salt residues, solid potassium carbonate, and aldehydes in tetrahydrofuran were found to proceed satisfactorily, even in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst. The Oxidation of 2-phenyl-1,2-propanediol in methylene chloride by solid sodium periodate (but not postassium periodate) is catalysed by the periodate form (9a) of an anion exchange resin. The reaction of 1-bromooctane in benzene, tetrahydrofuran, or acetonitrile with potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide and of benzyl bromide in tetrahydrofuran or acetonitrile with potassium acetate or sodium acetate are catalysed only slightly, if at all, by the cyanide or acetate forms (9e and 9f) of an anion exchange resin. Crosslinked polymers containing crown ether residues catalyse the reaction of 1-bromooctane in toluene with sodium iodide. It is not clear how the crosslinked polymers and solid reagents manage to react with each other, but possible mechanisms are discussed. The importance of carrying out control reactions in such studies is stressed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 6 (1894), S. 268-272 
    ISSN: 0863-1778
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chiral stereospecificity ; esterase ; metabolism ; human tissue ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Famciclovir is the oral form of the potent antiherpesvirus agent, penciclovir. Hydrolysis of one of the acetyl ester groups of famciclovir creates a chiral centre leading to the possible formation of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. During its conversion to penciclovir, famciclovir forms two chiral metabolites, namely monoacetyl-6-deoxy-penciclovir and monoacetyl-penciclovir. The absolute configuration and stereospecificity of the monoacetyl metabolites of famciclovir, produced in human intestinal wall extract, were determined using isotopically chiral famciclovir and 13C NMR spectroscopy of the isolated metabolites. 13C NMR showed that the esterase(s), in human intestinal wall extract, hydrolysed the acetyl group preferentially from the pro-(S)-acetoxymethyl group of famciclovir. The specificity of esterase action in forming monoacetyl-6-deoxy-penciclovir and monoacetyl-penciclovir was about 77 and 72%, respectively. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chiral stereospecificity ; phosphorylation ; MRC-5 cells ; herpesvirus ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Penciclovir is a potent antiherpesvirus agent which is highly selective due to its phosphorylation only in virus infected cells. Phosphorylation of one of the hydroxymethyl groups of penciclovir (PCV) creates a chiral centre leading to the possible formation of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. The absolute configuration and stereospecificity of the PCV-phosphates produced in cells infected with herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), as well as by HSV-1-encoded thymidine kinase, were determined using isotopically chiral [4′-13C]PCV precursors and 13C NMR spectroscopy of the isolated metabolites. The absolute configuration of penciclovir-triphosphate (PCV-TP) produced in HSV-1-infected cells was shown to be S with an enantiomeric purity of greater than 95%. However, in contrast to HSV-1-infected cells in which none of the (R) enantiomer was detected, about 10% of (R)-PCV-TP was produced in HSV-2-infected cells. Phosphorylation of PCV by HSV-1-encoded thymidine kinase was found to give 75% (S)- and 25% (R)-PCV-monophosphate. The proportion of the (S)-isomer appears to be amplified in the subsequent phosphorylations leading to the triphosphate. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 29 (1994), S. 326-328 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Metastable ion scanning was used to investigate the fragmentation patterns of ethyl(trimethoxy)silane, ethyl(dimethoxy)chlorosilane and ethyl(methoxy)dichlorosilane, their deuterated counterparts and ethyltrichlorosilane. For these compounds the molecule ion has a low abundance using 70 eV electron impact ionization. In all cases the base peak corresponds to the loss of neutral C2H5. When chemical ionization is employed with isobutane, usable peaks representative of the molecule ions are observed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 148 (1987), S. 161-193 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Diese Arbeit beschreibt Versuche, durch Kondensation von Terephthalaldehyd mit Dimethylstickstoffbasen konjugierte Polymere zu synthetisieren, die aus alternierenden Phenylringen und aromatischen heterocyclischen Ringen bestehen. Die Produkte fallen während ihrer Bildung aus der Lösung aus, selbst bei 180°C in N-Methylpyrrolidinon (NMP), daher konnten nur Oligomere mit bis zu ca. 30 Ringen (DP = 15) erhalten werden. Die meisten der hinreichend löslichen Produkte hatten einen DP zwischen 4 und 8. Von diesen ließen sich dünne Filme auf Glas oder Quartz herstellen. Diese Polymeren sind zumeist sehr gute Isolatoren, doch die Behandlung mit I2, NO2 oder SbF5 kann ihren elektrischen Widerstand um 6 Zehnerpotenzen erniedrigen. Die schnelle Umkehrbarkeit der Widerstandsänderung, wenn das verantwortliche Reagenz verdampft ist, sowie das Ausbleiben von klar erkennbaren hderungen im UV-Spektrum zeigen, daR die Widerstandsllnderung sehr wahrscheinlich nicht durch eine Oxidation (doping) verursacht wurde.Zahlreiche Synthesen mit verschiedenen quaternisierten Basen ergaben auch keine durch Elektronenakzeptoren oxidierbaren Oligomeren.Als Bezugsmaterialien, besonders wegen der UV-Spektren, wurden Modellverbindungen vom Distyrylpyridin und Distyrylpyrazin-Typ hergestellt und auch quaternisierte Derivate der ersteren; viele davon sind neue Verbindungen. Diese Modellverbindungen wurden auch zur Eichung einer für NMP Lösungen verwendbaren GPC Säule gebraucht.Für die Synthesetechnik wurden mehrere Verbesserungen entwickelt.
    Notes: We report attempts to create conjugated polymers consisting of alternating phenylene and heterocyclic rings separated by double bonds by means of condensations between terephthalaldehyde and dimethyl nitrogen bases. Because the products precipitated during their formation even at 180°C in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), only oligomers of up to ca. 30 rings (DP = 15) could be obtained; most of the adequately soluble products had DP between 4 and 8, and from these oligomers films on glass or quartz could be made. When the films were exposed to I2, NO2, or SbF5, most of them, initially very good insulators, showed an increase in electrical conductivity of up to 6 powers of 10; but the rapid reversal of this change when the reagent evaporated and the lack of any clear changes in the UV-vis spectrum of the films showed that most likely true “doping” had not occurred.Extensive syntheses with a variety of quaternised bases also failed to yield oligomers oxidisable by electron-acceptors.For reference purposes, especially for their spectra, a large number of pure “model” compounds of the distyrylpyridine and distyrylpyrazine type, and quaternised analogues of the former, were synthesised, many of them new compounds. These were also used as calibrants for a GPC column operating with NMP solutions.Several improvements were made in the synthetic techniques.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 34 (1996), S. 1591-1596 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: anisotropy ; polymeric thin film ; coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) ; Poisson's ratio ; through-plane direction ; finite element modeling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymeric thin films are widely used in microelectronic applications for a variety of purposes. These films may possess completely isotropic material properties and yet still exhibit anisotropic effects due to the constraining influence of the substrate coupling into the film behavior via the film Poisson ratio. A theoretical model of this effect on the through-plane thermal properties of isotropic thin films for single layer (thin film rigidly clamped) and bilayer (thin film on substrate, e.g., silicon wafer) has been developed based on the assumption that the material follows Hooke's law in all directions. Finite element analyses using ANSYS 5.0A have also been performed to confirm theoretical results both for single-layer and bilayer models. In the case of Poisson ratio of 0.5, the effective coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in the thickness direction can be as high as three times that of the unconstrained film. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 463-471 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: hydrogel ; free volume ; positron annihilation ; water ; density ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A copolymer of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with 2-ethoxy ethyl methacrylate (EEMA) was synthesized and the molecular mobility, free volume, and density properties examined as a function of composition. These properties were correlated with the equilibrium water uptake in order to determine which of the properties were most influential in causing high water sorption, as these materials are suitable candidates for hydrogel systems. It was found that the polar HEMA repeat unit results in a rigid, glassy sample at room temperature due to the high degree of hydrogen bonding between chains whereas high EEMA content leads to rubbery samples with subambient glass transition temperatures. The free volume properties on the molecular scale measured by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) showed that higher HEMA content led to smaller, fewer holes and a lower free volume fraction than EEMA. Therefore the high water uptake of HEEMA-containing copolymers is largely related to the high polarity of the HEMA unit compared to EEMA, despite the low content of free volume into which the water can initially diffuse. Trends in density with copolymer composition, as measured on a macroscopic level, differs to that seen by PALS and indicates that the two techniques are measuring different scales of packing. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 463-471, 1998
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