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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 1 (1977), S. 379-384 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using a neodymium glass laser and time-synchronized pulse detection, second harmonic signals were observed from a number of clay mineral powders. The second harmonic generation (SHG) experiments provide the first physical evidence (other than diffraction patterns) for the polar nature of the kaolinite layer and its stacking sequences. Well-crystallized nacrite and dickite specimens gave signals comparable to those of quartz, but the SHG intensities from the smaller kaolinite and halloysite crystallites were noticeably weaker. Based on results from eight specimens, there appears to be a direct correlation between SHG intensity and particle size, similar to that reported previously for quartz.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Carnivorous plants ; Pitcher plants ; Insect nitrogen ; Nitrogen partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the nitrogen (N) acquisition from soil and insect capture during the growth of three species of pitcher plants, Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica. 15N/14N natural abundance ratios (δ15N) of plants and pitchers of different age, non-carnivorous reference plants, and insect prey were used to estimate proportional contributions of insects to the N content of leaves and whole plants. Young Nepenthes leaves (phyllodes) carrying closed pitchers comprised major sinks for N and developed mainly from insect N captured elsewhere on the plant. Their δ15N values of up to 7.2‰ were higher than the average δ15N value of captured insects (mean δ15N value = 5.3‰). In leaves carrying old pitchers that are acting as a N source, the δ15N decreased to 3.0‰ indicating either an increasing contribution of soil N to those plant parts which in fact captured the insects or N gain from N2 fixation by microorganisms which may exist in old pitchers. The δ15N value of N in water collected from old pitchers was 1.2‰ and contained free amino acids. The fraction of insect N in young and old pitchers and their associated leaves decreased from 1.0 to 0.3 mg g−1. This fraction decreased further with the size of the investigated tiller. Nepenthes contained on average 61.5 ± 7.6% (mean ± SD, range 50–71%) insect N based on the N content of a whole tiller. In the absence of suitable non-carnivorous reference plants for Cephalotus, δ15N values were assessed across a developmental sequence from young plants lacking pitchers to large adults with up to 38 pitchers. The data indicated dependence on soil N until 4 pitchers had opened. Beyond that stage, plant size increased with the number of catching pitchers but the fraction of soil N remained high. Large Cephalotus plants were estimated to derive 26 ± 5.9% (mean ± SD of the three largest plants; range: 19–30%) of the N from insects. In Cephalotus we observed an increased δ15N value in sink versus source pitchers of about 1.2‰ on average. Source and sink pitchers of Darlingtonia had a similar δ15N value, but plant N in this species showed δ15N signals closer to that of insect N than in either Cephalotus or Nepenthes. Insect N contributed 76.4 ± 8.4% (range 57–90%) to total pitcher N content. The data suggest complex patterns of partitioning of insect and soil-derived N between source and sink regions in pitcher plants and possibly higher dependence on insect N than recorded elsewhere for Drosera species.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key wordsPinus sylvestris ; Siberia ; Biomass ; Self-thinning ; Forest fire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The study presents a data set of above-ground biomass (AGB), structure, spacing and fire regime, for 24 stands of pristine Siberian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests with lichens (n = 20) or Vaccinium/mosses (n = 4) as ground cover, along four chronosequences. The stands of the “lichen” site type (LT) were stratified into three chronosequences according to stand density and fire history. Allometric equations were established from 90 sample trees for stem, coarse branch, fine branch, twig and needle biomass. The LT stands exhibited a low but sustained biomass accumulation until a stand age of 383 years. AGB reached only 6–10 kgdw m−2 after 200 years depending on stand density and fire history compared to 20 kgdw m−2 in the “Vaccinium” type (VT) stands. Leaf area index (LAI) in the LT stands remained at 0.5–1.5 and crown cover was 30–60%, whereas LAI reached 2.5 and crown cover was 〉100% in the VT stands. Although nearest-neighbour analyses suggested the existence of density-dependent mortality, fire impact turned out to have a much stronger effect on density dynamics. Fire scar dating and calculation of mean and initial fire return intervals revealed that within the LT stands differences in structure and biomass were related to the severity of fire regimes, which in turn was related to the degree of landscape fragmentation by wetlands. Self-thinning analysis was used to define the local carrying capacity for biomass. A series of undisturbed LT stands was used to characterise the upper self-thinning boundary. Stands that had experienced a moderate fire regime were positioned well below the self-thinning boundary in a distinct fire-thinning band of reduced major axis regression slope −0.26. We discuss how this downward shift resulted from alternating phases of density reduction by fire and subsequent regrowth. We conclude that biomass in Siberian Scots pine forests is strongly influenced by fire and that climate change will affect ecosystem functions predominantly via changes in fire regimes.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 82 (1990), S. 427-429 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Insectivorous plants ; Insect capture ; Leaf growth ; Nitrogen storage ; Drosera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rates of insect capture increased with leaf area in the insectivorous plant Drosera rotundifolia, and growth of new leaves was related to insect capture. However, increased leaf growth was counterbalanced by leaf abscission which was in turn related to insect capture and leaf growth. Leaf loss equaled leaf growth in plants having natural rate of insect capture. A large proportion of the nitrogen gain from prey was stored in the hypocotyl; it was estimated from feeding experiments that about 24% to 30% of the nitrogen stored in the hypocotyl after winter originated from insect capture in the previous season. The effect of insect capture is discussed in relation to the life cycle of Drosera.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Nitrogen isotope ratio ; Nutrition ; Insectivorous plants ; Drosera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plants of Drosera species, neighbouring noncarnivorous plants, and arthropods on or near each Drosera sp. were collected at 11 contrasting habitat locations in SW Australia. At three of the sites clones of the rare glandless mutant form of D. erythrorhiza were collected alongside fully glandular counterparts. The δ 15N value (15N/14N natural isotope composition) of insect-free leaf and stem fractions was measured, and the data then used to estimate proportional dependence on insect N (%NdI) for the respective species and growth forms of Drosera. The data indicated lower %NdI values for rosette than for self-supporting erect or for climbing vine species. The latter two groups showed an average %NdI value close to 50%. The %NdI increased with length and biomass of climbing but not erect forms of Drosera. δ 15N values of stems were positively correlated with corresponding values for leaves of Drosera. Leaf material was on average significantly more 15N enriched than stems, possibly due to delayed transport of recent insect-derived N, or to discrimination against 15N in transfer from leaf to the rest of the plant. The comparison of δ 15N values of insects and arthropod prey, glandless and glandular plants of D. erythrorhiza indicated %NdI values of 14.3, 12.2 and 32.2 at the respective sites, while matching comparisons based on δ 15N of insect, reference plants and glandular plants proved less definitive, with only one site recording a positive %NdI (value of 10.4%) despite evidence at all sites of feeding on insects by the glandular plants. The use of the δ 15N technique for studying nutrition of carnivorous species and the ecological significance of insect feeding of different growth forms of Drosera growing in a large range of habitats is discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; δ13C values ; Grass flora of Namibia ; Poaceae ; Geographic distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The grass flora of Namibia (374 species in 110 genera) shows surprisingly little variation in δ13C values along a rainfall gradient (50–600 mm) and in different habitat conditions. However, there are significant differences in the δ13C values between the metabolic types of the C4 photosynthetic pathway. NADP-ME-type C4 species exhibit the highest δ13C values (−11.7 ‰) and occur mainly in regions with high rainfall. NAD-ME-type C4 species have significantly lower δ13C values (−13.4 ‰) and dominate in the most arid part of the precipitation regime. PCK-type C4 species play an intermediate role (−12.5 ‰) and reach a maximum abundance in areas of intermediate precipitation. This pattern is also evident in genera containing species of different metabolic types. Within the same genus NAD species reach more negative δ13C values than PCK species and δ13C values decreased with rainfall. Also in Aristida, with NADP-ME-type photosynthesis, δ13C values decreased from −11 ‰ in the inland region (600 mm precipitation) to −15 ‰ near the coast (150 mm precipitation), which is a change in discrimination which is otherwise associated by a change in metabolism. The exceptional C3 species Eragrostis walteri and Panicum heterostachyum are coastal species experiencing 50 mm precipitation only. Many of the rare species and monotypic genera grow in moist habitats rather than in the desert, and they are not different in their carbon isotope ratios from the more common flora. The role of species diversity with respect to habitat occupation and carbon metabolism is discussed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 72 (1981), S. 625-634 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural localization of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity was investigated in suspensions of unfixed isolated rat thymocytes using a medium containing 0.6 mM 5′-adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) as a substrate, 10 mM MgSO4 as an activator, 5 mM theophylline as an inhibitor of 3′,5′-AMP-phosphodiesterase and 2 mM lead nitrate as a capturing agent. AC activity was demonstrated in plasma membrane, perinuclear space, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, centriole microtubules and mitochondria. AC was activated with 10−4 M adrenalin in the presence of 5′-guanylylimido-diphosphate (GMP-PNP) as well as with 10−2 M NaF. In the cells incubated in a medium devoid of theophylline and containing 5′-AMP instead of AMP-PNP, 5′-nucleotidase activity was observed in the same cell structures as AC activity. Hydrolysis of 5′-AMP in the nucleus was much stronger than that of AMP-PNP. 10 mM NaF markedly inhibited hydrolysis of 5′-AMP in all cell structures. No staining was observed with 2 mM β-glycerophosphate as a substrate. Incubation of unfixed thymocytes in media containing AMP-PNP, 5′-AMP or p-nitrophenyl phosphate, but not β-glycerophosphate, induced both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm in some cells an appearance of a transitory reticular formation consisting of about 30 nm thick strands which could penetrate the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane and form connections with adjacent cells. The transitory reticular formation seems to belong to the cytoskeleton and to be involved in cell aggregation.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 75 (1982), S. 133-143 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of different preparative and cytochemical procedures on adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in heart muscle homogenates were studied by quantitative analysis. We were mainly concerned with perfusion prefixation, using glutaraldehyde (GA) with and without DMSO, and with the influence of cytochemical incubation with lead ions as the capture reagent. Furthermore, we measured the direct effect on the AC activity in lead, cobalt, and strontium ions in prefixed heart homogenates. We also studied the influence of phosphatidylinositol and 2′,5′-dideoxyadenosine. The following results were obtained: 1. Perfusion fixation using 2% GA buffered with cacodylate reduced the AC activity by about 20%. After the entire cytochemical procedure was finished, 20% of the original AC activity was still present. Stimulation by epinephrine, histamine and fluoride, which increased the activity of AC two or three times in our experiments, was only slightly reduced by the cytochemical treatments. 2. Lead ions (2 mM), added to the biochemical assay without chelating compounds, reduced the AC activity about 90%. 5 μM phosphatidylinositol stabilized the fluoride- and hormone-sensitive AC activity. 3. Co2+ also reduced the AC activity, though less than Pb2+. Sr2+ had no effect on the basic activity of the AC but had a slightly inhibitory effect on the hormone and fluoride stimulation. 4. 5% DMSO added to the fixative had no influence on the basic activity of the AC. However, this solvent definitely reduced the level of stimulation by fluoride and guanine nucleotide plus hormones. 5. A potential inhibitor of enzyme activity and of the hormone- and fluoride-sensitive AC was the adenosine derivative, 2′,5′-dideoxyadenosine. This compound, at a concentration of 10−3 M, inhibited all AC activity in the heart homogenates.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 19 (1969), S. 302-318 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unter Annahme, daß die hier benutzte Bleipräcipitationsmethode bei dem Nachweis membranengebundener ATPase-Aktivitäten keine artifiziellen Ergebnisse liefert, lassen sich an den verschiedenen Teilen der Zellmembran der Herzmuskelzelle mindestens zwei unterschiedliche ATP spaltende Fermente oder Fermentsysteme darstellen. Erstens eine Mg-, Na- und K-Ionen benötigende, durch g-Strophanthin hemmbare ATPase, die vermutlich identisch mit der Na, K-Transport-ATPase ist. Sie wird durch Ca++ und durch SH-Gruppen-Inhibitoren unterdrückt und spaltet vorzugsweise ATP, weniger intensiv ITP. Das Ferment hat seinen Sitz an der Plasmamembran des Sarkolemms, nicht an der Basalmembran. Zweitens ein durch Mg++ und auch durch Ca++ darstellbares Fermentsystem, das nicht durch Strophanthin zu beeinflussen ist und keine Na- und K-Ionen benötigt. SH-Gruppen-Inhibitoren vermindern diese Fermentaktivität, unterdrücken sie aber nicht völlig. Diese Fermentaktivität ist an den Membranen des Glanzstreifens lokalisiert und besonders aktiv am Nexus (Fascia und Macula occludens). Sie könnte identisch sein mit der in Untersuchungen an isolierten Zellmembranpräparaten gleichzeitig mit der Na-, K-Transport-ATPase gewöhnlich vorgefundenen, durch Mg ohne Na und K stimulierten Grund-ATPase-Aktivität.
    Notes: Summary Assuming that the lead precipitation method used in the present study for the cytochemical demonstration of ATPase activity does not yield artificial results one can demonstrate at least two enzymes or enzyme systems ATP hydrolyzing at the different parts of the cell membrane of the myocardial cell. First, a Mg, Na, K activated ATPase subject to inhibition by ouabain. This enzyme system is presumably identical with the Na, K transport ATPase. It is inactivated by Ca++ and by SH groups inhibitors and preferably splits ATP, to some extent also ITP. The enzyme activity is localized at the plasma membrane of the sarcolemma and not at the basal membrane. Second, an enzyme system which can be demonstrated in the presence of Mg++ and also of Ca++. It is not inhibited by ouabain and does not require Na- and K ions. Its activity is lowered, though not abolished by sulfhydryl group inhibitors. This enzyme activity is localized at the membranes of the intercalated disks and is particularly active at the nexus (Fascia and macula occludens). It may be identical with the Mg stimulated, Na, K independent basal ATPase activity which usually is observed in studies on isolated cell membrane preparations simultaneously with the Na, K transport ATPase.
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