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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of alcohols on the micellar properties in aqueous solution of alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (1994)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 272 (1994), S. 584-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Critical micelle concentration (CMC) ; degree of micellar ionisation ; alcohols, effect on CMC ; micelles of alkyltrimethylammonium bromides ; solubilization ; distribution coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect ofn-butanol,n-propanol, andn-hexanol on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and degree of ionisation of the micelles of dodecyl-, tetradecyl- and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromides in aqueous solution has been determined by conductimetric techniques. Increase of the molality of added alcohol over the concentration ranges examined (up to 0.3 mol kg−1 butanol, 0.07 mol kg−1 pentanol and 0.025 mol kg−1 hexanol) caused a progressive decrease of CMC and increase of the degree of ionisation for each surfactant-alcohol system. At a constant molality of added alcohol the degree of ionisation increased with a) an increase of the chain length of the surfactant for each alcohol and b) an increase of the chain length of the alcohol for each surfactant. The distribution of each alcohol between the aqueous and micellar phases and the free energy of solubilization were determined from the change of CMC with molality of added alcohol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00653225
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Effect of alcohols on the micellar properties in aqueous solution of alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (1994)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0372-820X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-1536
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
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    Dynamic numerical recipes to improve detection schemes for the interdiction of radioactive shipment (2018)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-21
    Print ISSN: 0236-5731
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2780
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
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    Radiative impacts of cloud heterogeneity and overlap in an atmospheric General Circulation Model (2012)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-04
    Description: The radiative impacts of horizontal heterogeneity of layer cloud condensate, and vertical overlap of both condensate and cloud fraction are examined with the aid of a new radiation package operating in the GEOS-5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model. The impacts are examined in terms of diagnostic top-of-the atmosphere shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) cloud radiative effect (CRE) calculations for a range of assumptions and overlap parameter specifications. The investigation is conducted for two distinct cloud schemes, one that comes with the standard GEOS-5 distribution, and another used experimentally for its enhanced cloud microphysical capabilities. Both schemes are coupled to a cloud generator allowing arbitrary cloud overlap specification. Results show that cloud overlap radiative impacts are significantly stronger in the operational cloud scheme where a change of cloud fraction overlap from maximum-random to generalized results in global changes of SW and LW CRE of ~4 Wm−2, and zonal changes of up to ~10 Wm−2. This is an outcome of fewer occurrences (compared to the other scheme) of large layer cloud fractions and fewer multi-layer situations where large numbers of atmospheric layers are simultaneously cloudy, both conditions that make overlap details more important. The impact of the specifics of condensate distribution overlap on CRE is much weaker. Once generalized overlap is adopted, both cloud schemes are only modestly sensitive to the exact values of the overlap parameters. When one of the CRE components is overestimated and the other underestimated, both cannot be driven simoultaneously towards observed values by adjustments to cloud condensate heterogeneity and overlap specifications alone.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 5
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    Radiative impacts of cloud heterogeneity and overlap in an atmospheric General Circulation Model (2012)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-12
    Description: The radiative impacts of introducing horizontal heterogeneity of layer cloud condensate, and vertical overlap of condensate and cloud fraction are examined with the aid of a new radiation package operating in the GEOS-5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model. The impacts are examined in terms of diagnostic top-of-the atmosphere shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) cloud radiative effect (CRE) calculations for a range of assumptions and parameter specifications about the overlap. The investigation is conducted for two distinct cloud schemes, the one that comes with the standard GEOS-5 distribution, and another which has been recently used experimentally for its enhanced cloud microphysical capabilities; both are coupled to a cloud generator allowing arbitrary cloud overlap specification. We find that cloud overlap radiative impacts are significantly stronger for the operational cloud scheme for which a change of cloud fraction overlap from maximum-random to generalized results to global changes of SW and LW CRE of ∼4 W m−2, and zonal changes of up to ∼10 W m−2. This is because of fewer occurrences compared to the other scheme of large layer cloud fractions and of multi-layer situations with large numbers of atmospheric layers being simultaneously cloudy, conditions that make overlap details more important. The impact on CRE of the details of condensate distribution overlap is much weaker. Once generalized overlap is adopted, both cloud schemes are only modestly sensitive to the exact values of the overlap parameters. We also find that if one of the CRE components is overestimated and the other underestimated, both cannot be driven towards observed values by adjustments to cloud condensate heterogeneity and overlap alone.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 6
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    Performance of McRAS-AC in the GEOS-5 AGCM: aerosol-cloud-microphysics, precipitation, cloud radiative effects, and circulation (2013)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-17
    Description: A revised version of the Microphysics of clouds with Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert and Aerosol-Cloud interaction scheme (McRAS-AC) including, among others, a new ice nucleation parameterization, is implemented in the GEOS-5 AGCM. Various fields from a 10-yr-long integration of the AGCM with McRAS-AC are compared with their counterparts from an integration of the baseline GEOS-5 AGCM, as well as satellite observations. Generally McRAS-AC simulations have smaller biases in cloud fields and cloud radiative effects over most of the regions of the Earth than the baseline GEOS-5 AGCM. Two systematic biases are identified in the McRAS-AC runs: one is underestimation of cloud particle numbers around 40° S–60° S, and one is overestimate of cloud water path during the Northern Hemisphere summer over the Gulf Stream and North Pacific. Sensitivity tests show that these biases potentially originate from biases in the aerosol input. The first bias is largely eliminated in a test run using 50% smaller radius of sea-salt aerosol particles, while the second bias is substantially reduced when interactive aerosol chemistry is turned on. The main weakness of McRAS-AC is the dearth of low-level marine stratus clouds, a probable outcome of lack of explicit dry-convection in the cloud scheme. Nevertheless, McRAS-AC largely simulates realistic clouds and their optical properties that can be improved further with better aerosol input. An assessment using the COSP simulator in a 1-yr integration provides additional perspectives for understanding cloud optical property differences between the baseline and McRAS-AC simulations and biases against satellite data. Overall, McRAS-AC physically couples aerosols, the microphysics and macrophysics of clouds, and their radiative effects and thereby has better potential to be a valuable tool for climate modeling research.
    Print ISSN: 1991-959X
    Electronic ISSN: 1991-9603
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 7
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    Performance of McRAS-AC in the GEOS-5 AGCM: aerosol-cloud-microphysics, precipitation, cloud radiative effects, and circulation (2012)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-08
    Description: A revised version of the Microphysics of clouds with Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert and Aerosol-Cloud interaction scheme (McRAS-AC) including, among others, the Barahona and Nenes ice nucleation parameterization, is implemented in the GEOS-5 AGCM. Various fields from a 10-yr long integration of the AGCM with McRAS-AC were compared with their counterparts from an integration of the baseline GEOS-5 AGCM using satellite data as observations. Generally McRAS-AC simulations have smaller biases in cloud fields and cloud radiative effects over most of the regions of the Earth than the baseline GEOS-5 AGCM. Two systematic biases are identified in the McRAS-AC runs: one under-prediction of cloud particles around 40° S–60° S, and one over-prediction of cloud water path during Northern Hemisphere summer over the Gulf Stream and North Pacific. Sensitivity analyses show that these biases potentially originate from biases in the aerosol input. The first bias is largely eliminated in a sensitivity test using 50% smaller sea-salt aerosol particles, while the second bias is much reduced when interactive aerosol chemistry was turned on. The main drawback of McRAS-AC is dearth of low-level marine stratus clouds, probably due to lack of boundary-layer clouds that is an outcome of explicit dry-convection not yet implemented into the cloud model. Nevertheless, McRAS-AC simulates realistic clouds and their optical properties that can further improve with better aerosol-input. Thereby, McRAS-AC has the potential to be a valuable tool for climate modeling research because of its superior simulation capabilities that physically couple aerosols, cloud microphysics, cloud macrophysics, and cloud-radiation interaction for all clouds.
    Print ISSN: 1991-9611
    Electronic ISSN: 1991-962X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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