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  • 1
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enthalpy of hydrogen-bond formation between guanine (G) and cytosine (C) in o-dichlorobenzene and in chloroform at 25°C has been determined by direct calorimetric measurement. We derivatized 2′-deoxyguanosine and 2′-deoxycytidine at the 5′- and 3′-hydroxyls with triisopropylsilyl groups; these groups increase the solubility of the nucleic acid bases in nonaqueous solvents. Such derivatization also prevents the ribose hydroxyls from forming hydrogen bonds. Consequently, hydrogen-bond formation in our system is primarily between the bases, and to a lesser extent, between base and solvent, and can be measured directly with calorimetry. To obtain the data on base-pair formation, we first took into account the contributions from self-association of each base, and where possible, have determined the ΔH of self-association. From isoperibolic titration calorimetry, our measured ΔH of C2 formation in chloroform is -1.7 kcal/mol of C. Our measured ΔH of C:G base-pair formation in o-dichlorobenzene is -6.65 ± 0.32 kcal/mol. Since o-dichlorobenzene does not form hydrogen bonds, the ΔH of C:G base-pair formation in this solvent represents the ΔH of the hydrogen-bonding interaction of C with G in a nonassociating solvent. In contrast, our measured ΔH of C:G base-pair formation in chloroform is -5.77 ± 0.20 kcal/mol; thus, the absolute value of the enthalpy of hydrogen bonding in the C:G base pair is greater in o-dichlorobenzene than in chloroform. Since chloroform is a solvent known to form hydrogen bonds, the decrease in enthalpic contribution to C:G base pairing in chloroform is due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the bases and the solvent. The ΔH of hydrogen bonding of G with C reported here differs from previous indirect estimates: Our measurements indicate the ΔH is 50% less in magnitude than the ΔH based on spectroscopic measurements of the extent of interaction. We have also observed that the enthalpy of hydrogen bonding of C with G in chloroform is greater when G is in excess than when C is in excess. This increased heat is due to the formation of C:Gn 〉 1 complexes that we have observed using 1H-nmr. Although C:G2 structures have previously been observed in triple-stranded polymeric nucleic acids, higher order structures have not been observed between C and G monomers in nonaqueous solvents until now. By using monomers as a model system to investigate hydrogen-bonding interactions in DNA and RNA, we have obtained the following results: A direct measurement of the ΔH of hydrogen bonding in the C:G complex in two nonaqueous solvents, and the first observation of C:Gn 〉 1 complexes between monomers. These results reinforce the importance of hydrogen bonding in the stabilization of various nucleic acid secondary and tertiary structures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 2669-2681 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die strahlungsinduzierte Polymerisation von α-Methylstyrol in fester Phase untersucht. Die Polymerisationen erfolgten dabei entweder nach oder während der γ-Bestrahlung. Die erstere Art von Polymerisationen erfolgte bei -30°C nur im reinen und “trockenen” Monomeren. Mit steigendem Umsatz nahm bei einer konstanten Ausgangsstrahlungsdosis von 2,5 Mrad (2,5. lo4 J/kg) die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit leicht zu. Wurde die Ausgangsstrahlungsdosis hingegen bis auf 7,4 Mrad (7,4 · 104 J/kg) erhoht und danach jeweils 8 h polymerisiert, so nahm die Ausbeute (in Polymeres) pro Einheit Strahlungsdosis mit steigendem Umsatz ab. Die GPC Elutionskurven der erhaltenen Polymeren zeigten einen Peak bei 27,4 Elutionseinheiten, der von einem ionisch entstandenen Polymeren herriihrt, sowie eine Schulter bei 29,O Elutionseinheiten, die von einem radikalisch entstandenen Polymeranteil verursacht wird.Die Polymerisationen während der γ-Bestrahlung wurden bei -30 und -40°C untersucht. Dabei wurden Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeiten gefunden, die im Falle des “feuchten” Monomeren kleiner waren als beim “trockenen” Monomeren. Die GPC Analysen von Polymerproben, die sowohl aus “trockenem” als auch aus “feuchtem” α-Methylstyrol bei -40°C hergestellt worden waren, zeigten alle bimodale Verteilungen, wobei der Peak mit dem höheren Molekulargewicht von dem ionisch entstandenen Polymeranteil herrührte. Bei steigenden Umsätzen blieb die Lage der GPC Peaks unverändert, während die Peakintensitaten einen sich verkleinernden ionisch entstandenen Polymeranteil anzeigten. Bei -30°C Polymerisationstemperatur wurde nur noch ein GPC Peak bei 27,3 Elutionseinheiten gefunden, der anzeigt, daß hier nur die ionische Polymerisation stattfindet.
    Notes: The radiation-induced post - and “in-source” solid state polymerizations (the polymerizations occurred after and during the γ-irradiation, resp.) of α-methylstyrene were studied. Post-polymerizations studied at -30°C, occurred only in pure and “dry” monomer. At a constant initial radiation dose of 2,5 Mrad (2,5.104J/kg), the rate of polymerization increased, although slightly, with increasing conversion. With increasing initial radiation dose of up to 7,4 Mrad (7,4.104J/kg) and post-polymerized for 8 h, resp., the percentage of polymer yield per unit radiation dose decreased with increasing conversion. The GPC chromatograms of the polymer samples obtained showed a peak at 27,4 elution counts resulting from ionic polymerization and a shoulder at 29,0 counts from free radical polymerization.In the case of the “in-source” polymerization, studied at -30 and -40°C, the “wet” monomer yielded rates of polymerization lower than those from “dry” monomer. GPC analysis of the polymer samples obtained at -40°C from both “dry” and “wet” monomer showed bimodal distributions, the higher molecular weight peak resulting from ionic polymerization. At increased conversions, the positions of both GPC peaks remained unchanged, whereas the heights and hence the ionic and free radical polymerization contribution changed, the ionic contribution decreasing. At -30°C polymerization temperature only one peak at 27,3 elution counts resulting from ionic polymerization was obtained.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 26 (1988), S. 1295-1306 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photolytic degradation of 2,4-TDI/aliphatic diol polyurethanes is directly dependent on the flexibility of the polymer backbone. The extent of photodegradation is accelerated above the glass transition temperature, indicating the role of chain flexibility and/or oxygen diffusion in the decomposition process. Photolysis of the model compound ethyl N-phenylcarbamate (EPC) in neutral host polymer matrices indicates that the para photo-Fries to ortho photo-Fries product ratio experiences an accelerated increase with temperature above the glass transition of the polymer matrix.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 651-652 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography ; Monovalent anions ; Separation of Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3- and SCN- on a single chromatogram ; Developing solvents ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 657-658 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin layer chromatography TLC ; Separation of Fe(III), Cu(II), Co(II), Cr(III), Ni(II), and Ce(IV) ; Method works well even without prior purification of absorbent or complexation of metal ions ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 673-674 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography classical TLC ; Classical separation of some pulvinic acids ; Chlorobenzene impregnatlon of layer improves separation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lichen acids, pulvinic acid, vulpinic acid, pinastric acid, leprapinic acid, lsoplnastric acid and pulvinic acid dilactone, which occur in certain yellow varieties of lichens and are difficult to separate, have been successfully separated and identified by TLC on chlorobenzene-impregnated silica gel plates.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A constitutive equation for a vapor drift velocity which specifies the relative motion between phases in the drift flux model is developed for two-phase annular flows. The constitutive equation is derived by taking into account the interfacial geometry, the body force field, and the interfacial momentum transfer, since these macroscopic effects govern the two-phase diffusions. A comparison of the model with three sets of experimental data obtained over a wide range of flow parameters shows a satisfactory agreement.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: monoclonal antibody ; melanoma growth stimulatory activity ; serum free culture medium ; Hs0294 malignant melanoma cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Autostimulatory growth factors may contribute to the ability of malignant cells to escape normal growth controls. We have previously shown that Hs0294 human malignant melanoma cells release into culture medium an acid-soluble, heat-stable, trypsin-sensitive, autostimulatory monolayer mitogen which can be purified from acetic acid extracts of conditioned medium by gel filtration, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and preparative electrophoresis. The majority of this melanoma growth-stimulatory activity (MGSA) resides in a 16-Kd moiety though bioactivity is also associated with 24-26 and 〈 14-Kd forms of MGSA (Richmond and Thomas: J Cell Physiol 129:375, 1986). In order to further characterize this growth factor, monoclonal antibodies were prepared against a partially purified preparation of the autostimulatory melanoma mitogen. Monoclonal antibody clones were selected based on supernate inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation in serum-free Hs0294 melanoma cultures. One of these, termed FB2AH7, slows, but does not completely block, the growth of Hs0294 cells in scrum-free medium in a dose-dependent manner. This antibody does not slow the growth of normal rat kidney fibroblasts, which neither produce nor require this mitogen, in either serum-free medium or medium containing 0.8% calf scrum. This monoclonal antibody also blocks the mitogenic effects of partially purified preparations of this melanoma growth stimulatory activity (MGSA) on both Hs0294 cells and normal rat kidney fibroblasts. The FB2AH7 antibody has been demonstrated to bind MGSA by Western blot and by immunoprecipitation procedures. Western blot analysis of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography purified growth factor demonstrated that FB2AH7 antibody binds to the 16-Kd and ∼ 13-14-Kd forms of MGSA. FB2AH7 antibody can be used in immunoprecipitation experiments to bind the ∼ 13-16-Kd forms of MGSA. The specificity of the binding of FB2AH7 antibody for MGSA but not other growth factors has been demonstrated in a modified dot blot assay. These data thus support the hypothesis that MGSA is an autostimulatory melanoma mitogen distinct from other growth factors.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 42 (1990), S. 207-217 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: IATI ; Raji cell line ; proteinase inhibitor ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: A homogeneous preparation of a urinary glycoprotein has been isolated from urine of patients with malignant melanoma and advanced adenocarcinomas of colon and lung. This molecule, Mr 30 kDa, is homologous to EDC1, a proteinase inhibitor antigenically related to plasma inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (IATI) originally isolated from the urine of a leukemic patient, E.D. The newly isolated EDC1 inhibits cellular proliferation of a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, Raji, growing in serum-free medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, selenium, and linoleic acid. This concentration-dependent inhibitory effect was monitored in terms of change in cell number and 3H-thymidine incorporation. The growth of cells treated with ∼3.3 pmol EDCl/ml was 50% that of the control group by both assays. EDC1 was not cytotoxic to the cells because the EDC1-treated cells excluded trypan blue and resumed normal growth after removal of EDC1. In addition, EDC1 treatment of Raji cells prelabeled with 3H-labeled DNA did not release more radioactivity into the conditioned medium than the untreated labeled cells. EDC1 did not affect the growth of Hs2B2, a B-lymphoblast cell line, and Hs294T, a human malignant melanoma cell line. Equimolar and larger quantities of other proteinase inhibitors with inhibitory profiles similar to that of EDC1 (α-1 proteinase inhibitor, soybean trypsin inhibitor, lima bean trypsin inhibitor, and turkey ovomucoid) did not affect the growth of Raji cells. Raji cells have an absolute requirement of transferrin as a nutrient and require insulin to modulate the expression of transferrin receptors. The cells also synthesize interleukin-I as an autocrine growth stimulator. EDC1 did not form a detectable complex with transferrin, insulin, or any autocrine factor synthesized by the cells.
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