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  • 1
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    Aboveground and belowground biomass and sapwood area allometric equations for six boreal tree species of northern Manitoba (2002)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2002-08-01
    Description: Allometric equations were developed relating aboveground biomass, coarse root biomass, and sapwood area to stem diameter at 17 study sites located in the boreal forests near Thompson, Man. The six species studied were trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), tamarack (Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch.), and willow (Salix spp.). Stands ranged in age from 4 to 130 years and were categorized as well or poorly drained. Stem diameter ranged from 0.1 to 23.7 cm. Stem diameter was measured at both the soil surface (D0) and breast height (DBH). The relationship between biomass and diameter, fitted on a loglog scale, changed significantly at ~3 cm DBH, suggesting that allometry differed between saplings and older trees. To eliminate this nonlinearity, a model of form log10 Y = a + b(log10 D) + c(AGE) + d(log10 D × AGE) was used, where D is stem diameter, AGE is stand age, and the cross product is the interaction between diameter and age. Most aboveground biomass equations (N = 326) exhibited excellent fits (R2 〉 0.95). Coarse root biomass equations (N = 205) exhibited good fits (R2 〉 0.90). Both D0 and DBH were excellent (R2 〉 0.95) sapwood area predictors (N = 413). Faster growing species had significantly higher ratios of sapwood area to stem area than did slower growing species. Nonlinear aspects of some of the pooled biomass equations serve as a caution against extrapolating allometric equations beyond the original sample diameter range.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 2
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    EFFECT OF VARIOUS PRETREATMENTS ON X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS OF CLAY FRACTIONS OF PODZOLIC B HORIZONS (1981)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1981-05-01
    Description: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of various pretreatments on the X-ray identification and quantification of clay-sized minerals from some podzolic B horizons. After soil samples were treated with H2O2 to remove organic matter, clay fractions were dispersed, separated, and freeze-dried. A portion of each clay sample was subjected to the following pretreatments: ultrasonic bath, extraction by citrate-dithionite, extraction by 0.5 N NaOH, and extraction by Tiron. Oriented slides were used for identification and quantification of clay minerals after each pretreatment. The X-ray patterns for ultrasonically dispersed samples were used as a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of the three chemical pretreatments. Tiron pretreatment was found to be the most suitable method for removal of amorphous material from clay separates of podzolic B horizons. The traditional citrate-dithionite method was not effective in removing amorphous Si from clays. The 0.5 N NaOH method is not recommended because it resulted in significant destruction of phyllosilicates and it was not effective in removing amorphous Fe.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 3
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    Mycorrhizal and pathological associations of dematiaceous fungi in roots of 7-month-old tree seedlings (1987)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1987-08-01
    Description: Colonizing behaviors of five dematiaceous fungi that variously form ectomycorrhizal, ectendomycorrhizal, or pseudomycorrhizal associations with roots were studied at pH 3.0 and 5.7. Species selected were five Hyphomycetes, viz., the three new species Phialophorafinlandia, Chloridiumpaucisporum, and Phialocephalafortinii; the well-known Phialocephaladimorphospora; and Cenococcumgeophilum. Control seedlings and those inoculated with C. paucisporum, P. fortinii, and C. geophilum were badly stunted and showed little growth at pH 3, whereas moderate growth of roots and seedlings was exhibited by ectendomycorrhizal P. finlandia and pathogenic P. dimorphospora. At pH 5.7, P. fortinii seedlings were mostly dead and those with P. dimorphospora were more sparsely developed than at pH 3. The controls as well as the remaining fungal associations were healthy at pH 5.7. Phialophorafinlandia and C. paucisporum associations were ectendomycorrhizal but C. geophilum associations were ectomycorrhizal. The nature of the mycorrhizal association, whether ecto- or ectendo-mycorrhizal, was largely controlled by the host. Structures such as sclerotia were determined by the fungus. Anatomical features of the various associations are shown in accompanying photographs.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 4
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    MICROMORPHOLOGY AND ENERGY DISPERSIVE ANALYSIS OF ORTSTEIN HORIZONS OF PODZOLIC SOILS FROM NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA (1980)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-02-01
    Description: Cutans that coat and link sand grains in cemented podzolic B horizons (ortstein) of well and poorly drained podzolic soils from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were described in thin sections and analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The principal type of cutan was brown and weakly to moderately anisotropic; it included numerous silt and fine sand grains. X-ray spectra showed this type to be composed dominantly of Al and Si with lesser amounts of K and Fe, and minor amounts of P, S, and other elements. The silt and clay particles of these cutans were apparently impregnated with Al, Fe-organic complexes. Another common type of cutan was dark reddish brown, monomorphic and isotropic; it consisted mainly of Al and organic matter as indicated by dominant Al and weak P and S peaks. In a few samples such cutans were composed mainly of Fe and organic matter. Rarer black cutans contained Mn in various proportions. The dominant cementing material of these ortstein horizons was shown to be organic complexes of Al and, less commonly, of Fe. The genesis of soils with ortstein is discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
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    CHEMICAL AND CLAY MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ORTSTEIN SOILS FROM THE MARITIME PROVINCES (1979)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1979-08-01
    Description: The two poorly drained ortstein horizons contained very low amounts (
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
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    COMPARISON OF ESTIMATED AND MEASURED HORIZONTAL Ksat VALUES (1985)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1985-11-01
    Description: Horizontal Ksat was estimated as one of eight classes according to guidelines based on soil morphology and then measured by a piezometer method in soils of the Ottawa area that differed widely in texture and structure. The Ksat class estimated by two observers was either the same as, or one class different from the measured class for 14 and 16 of 18 layers tested (average 83%). Measured horizontal Ksat exceeded vertical Ksat by a factor of 9 in some sandy layers with strata of relatively coarse material. Measured vertical Ksat exceeded horizontal Ksat by a factor of more than 3 in some layers having numerous more-or-less vertical earthworm channels. Horizontal Ksat of the layers measured ranged from 0.3 to 14 m∙day−1 and vertical Ksat values for those layers ranged from 0.1 to 27 m∙day−1. Guidelines for estimating horizontal Ksat were revised on the basis of results from this study to give more emphasis to stratification. The results support the view that adequate estimates of vertical and horizontal Ksat can be made rapidly from the observation of soil morphology if specific guidelines are followed. The guidelines are based on relationships between soil morphology and measured Ksat values. Key words: Horizontal Ksat, vertical Ksat, soil morphology
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    FERTILITY GROUPING OF MONTREAL LOWLANDS SOIL MAPPING UNITS BASED ON SELECTED SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLOW LAYER (1989)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1989-08-01
    Description: Ten soil properties, including texture, pH, available phosphorous, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations and organic carbon, were determined from the Ap horizons of 91 map units of two Montreal Lowlands counties. Multivariate analysis techniques were used to classify the soils into fertility groups. Nine fertility groups were derived from cluster analysis. Principal component analysis yielded two components which accounted for more that 75% of the variance. These principal components were related to soil texture and fertilizer management factors. They confirmed the grouping obtained by cluster analysis. Multiple discriminant analysis distinguished these fertility groups and allocated new soil mapping units to one of them using discriminant functions. Clay content, pH, exchangeable Ca and available P were selected as the more potent and significant variables in descriminating groups. This work demonstrated that multivariate analysis has considerable promise in deriving meaningful interpretive grouping from selected soil parameters. Key words: Fertility, interpretive grouping, soil quality, multivariate analysis
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 8
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    Micromorphological evidence of pedogenetic pathway of a Podzolic Gray Luvisol (Falmouth series) in Nova Scotia (1995)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-11-01
    Description: A catena of Podzolic Gray Luvisols (Falmouth series) – Gleyed Gray Luvisols (Queens series) – Orthic Gleysols (Kingsville series) is commonly found on fine loamy, weakly calcareous parent materials in Nova Scotia, with Podzolic Gray Luvisols occupying the best drained landscape positions. The hypothesis that podzolic B horizons of Podzolic Gray Luvisols were developed on degraded Bt horizons was investigated by micromorphological characterization of one Podzolic Gray Luvisol pedon. Although not visible in field examinations, argillans were common in thin sections of the Bf and Bm horizons. These argillans were not associated with the walls of voids or the surface of grains. Argillans of the Bt horizons, however, were associated with features such as cracks, vughs, and channels. The upper Bt horizon (i.e., Bt1gj) showed signs of degradation. The pale brown matrix color was more like the Bm horizon above than the dark brown Bt2gj horizon below. The strongly acidic nature of the Bt1gj horizon may have triggered degradation. It is concluded that the Bf and Bm horizons were developed on degraded Bt horizons through the translocation of amorphous Fe and Al and organic matter. Key words: Pedogenesis, micromorphology, Luvisols, bisequal soils
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
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    Industrial organic compounds in selected Canadian soils (1995)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1995-11-01
    Description: Studies were conducted to determine the concentrations of a large number of industrial organic compounds in selected Canadian agricultural soils and to assess the potential for land application of municipal sludges to cause significant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), organochlorine pesticide (OC) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination of agricultural land. Twenty-four Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Soil Quality Evaluation Program (SQEP) benchmark soils and six intensively cropped southern Ontario soils exhibited similar small concentrations of a few base-neutral and acid (BN&A) extractable industrial organic compounds (seldom 〉1 mg kg−1 dry wt), PCBs (
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
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    Using 137Cs to investigate net soil erosion at two soil benchmark sites in Quebec (1993)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1993-11-01
    Description: 137Cs in the soil was used to estimate soil erosion at two National Soil Conservation Program benchmark sites in the province of Quebec (sites 15-QU and 16-QU). The 137Cs baseline in an uneroded forest area was approximately 3100 Bq m−2. The 137Cs content at site 15-QU ranged from 1072 Bq m−2 to 6389 Bq m−2, while at site 16-QU it ranged from 663 Bq m−2 to 5444 Bq m−2. Computed net erosion over the past 30 yr at site 15-QU varied from a loss of 9.65 kg m−2 yr−1 to a gain of 10.88 kg m−2 yr−1 and at site 16-QU from a loss of 6.38 kg m−2 yr−1 to a gain of 1.73 kg m−2 yr−1. The average net erosion rates were 2.43 kg m−2 yr−1 at site 15-QU and 1.29 kg m−2 yr−1 at site 16-QU. Soil samples collected on a grid pattern indicated that 90% and 83% of the area at sites 15-QU and 16-QU, respectively, was subjected to net soil loss. A comparison of total 137Cs movement from eroded areas to depositional areas showed that 24.2% of 137Cs was lost from site 15-QU, while about 17.6% of 137Cs was lost from site 16-QU. Mapping of 137Cs content and calculated soil loss and deposition showed that soil erosion was closely related to topography.Under similar slope conditions, the soil erosion rates were 27–68% higher at site 15-QU than at site 16-QU. Higher tillage frequency and use of silage corn were the suggested reasons for the higher soil erosion rates at site 15-QU compared with site 16-QU, which had been used for hay and small grains. Key words: 137Cs, erosion, deposition, soil conservation
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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