ALBERT

Description: India–Asia collision resulted in crustal thickening and shortening, metamorphism and partial melting along the 2200 km-long Himalayan range. In the core of the Greater Himalaya, widespread in situ partial melting in sillimanite+K-feldspar gneisses resulted in formation of migmatites and Ms+Bt+Grt+Tur±Crd±Sil leucogranites, mainly by muscovite dehydration melting. Melting occurred at shallow depths (4–6 kbar; 15–20 km depth) in the middle crust, but not in the lower crust. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of leucogranites are very high (0·74–0·79) and heterogeneous, indicating a 100 crustal protolith. Melts were sourced from fertile muscovite-bearing pelites and quartzo-feldspathic gneisses of the Neo-Proterozoic Haimanta–Cheka Formations. Melting was induced through a combination of thermal relaxation due to crustal thickening and from high internal heat production rates within the Proterozoic source rocks in the middle crust. Himalayan granites have highly radiogenic Pb isotopes and extremely high uranium concentrations. Little or no heat was derived either from the mantle or from shear heating along thrust faults. Mid-crustal melting triggered southward ductile extrusion (channel flow) of a mid-crustal layer bounded by a crustal-scale thrust fault and shear zone (Main Central Thrust; MCT) along the base, and a low-angle ductile shear zone and normal fault (South Tibetan Detachment; STD) along the top. Multi-system thermochronology (U–Pb, Sm–Nd, 40Ar–39Ar and fission track dating) show that partial melting spanned ̃24–15 Ma and triggered mid-crustal flow between the simultaneously active shear zones of the MCT and STD. Granite melting was restricted in both time (Early Miocene) and space (middle crust) along the entire length of the Himalaya. Melts were channelled up via hydraulic fracturing into sheeted sill complexes from the underthrust Indian plate source beneath southern Tibet, and intruded for up to 100 km parallel to the foliation in the host sillimanite gneisses. Crystallisation of the leucogranites was immediately followed by rapid exhumation, cooling and enhanced erosion during the Early–Middle Miocene.

Description: We report a U–Pb monazite age of 23.0±0.2 Ma for the Shivling leucogranite, a tourmaline+muscovite±biotite leucogranite at the top of the High Himalayan slab in the Garhwal Himalaya, north India. The Shivling–Bhagirathi leucogranite is a viscous near-minimum melt, emplaced as a foliation parallel laccolith via a dyke network not far from its source region. Prograde heating occurred soon after the India–Asia collision at c. 50 Ma up to melting at 23 Ma and high temperatures (〉550 °C) were maintained for at least 15 Ma after garnet growth. The leucogranite was emplaced at mid-crustal depths along the footwall of the Jhala fault, a large-scale low-angle normal fault, part of the South Tibetan Detachment system, above kyanite and sillimanite grade gneisses. The geometry of the leucogranite laccolith shows biaxial extension and boudinage both perpendicular (north-northeast–south-southwest) and parallel to the strike (west-northwest–east-southeast) of the mountain range. Unroofing occurred by underthrusting beneath the High Himalayan slab along the Main Central Thrust zone, progressively ‘jacking up’ the leucogranites, removal of material above by low-angle normal faulting, and erosion. Very rapid cooling at rates of 200–350 °C/Ma between 23–21 Ma immediately followed crystallization, as tectonic unroofing and erosion removed 24–28 km of overburden during this time. K–Ar muscovite ages are 22±1.0 Ma and fission track ages of zircons from 〉5000 m on the North Ridge of Shivling are 14.2±2.1 and 8.8±1.2 Ma and apatites are 3.5±0.79 and 2.61±0.23 Ma. Slow steady state cooling at rates of 20–30 °C/Ma from 20–1 Ma shows that maximum erosion rates and unroofing of the leucogranite occurred during the early Miocene. This timing coincides with initiation of low-angle, north-dipping normal faulting along the South Tibetan Detachment system.

Description: The Burma arc links the Himalaya to the Andaman-Sumatra trench, and comprehension of the geological features in the region is vital to understand the active tectonic processes in the area. Subduction on the Sumatra trench produced the devastating 2004 Sumatra earthquake (M (sub w) approximately 9.0), but the mechanisms accommodating relative India-Sundaland motion in Burma are still unknown. Previous seismological studies of the area use only earthquake catalog hypocenters, so structural details of subducted material remain poorly understood. Here, accurate relative hypocenters for 81 earthquakes are estimated using first arrivals picked from regional and teleseismic recordings. Depth determination is improved using measured travel-time differences between P onsets and depth phases (pP and sP). The results clearly illustrate a slab 21 degrees -25 degrees N dipping approximately 25 degrees at 40-80 km deep, approximately 40 degrees at 80-120 km deep, and approximately 60 degrees at 120-160 km deep, and its strike follows the Indo-Burman ranges. At latitudes 〉25 degrees N earthquakes become more shallow, and a diffuse picture of hypocenters with an east-west lateral discontinuity at depth is observed, indicating lateral deformation of the slab. Previous studies suggest there is a transition at approximately 90 km deep from shallower strike-slip earthquakes to deeper thrust-type events. Here, accurate depth estimates, combined with confirmation of two Global Centroid Moment Tensor solutions using body-wave modeling, shows that thrust and strike-slip earthquakes both occur deeper than 100 km in the Burma arc.