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  • 1
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    The Effects of Canopy Height and Bud Light Exposure on the Early Stages of Flower Development in Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-20
    Description: The aims of this study were to investigate the sunlight requirements during floral initiation and differentiation for the development of flower buds in ‘Autumn Bright’ nectarine and to explore its source–sink relationship. In early January 2019 (111 days after full bloom), prior to floral initiation and differentiation, 12 new shoots were tagged on 14 trees, with four shoots in each of the low (0–1.2 m), middle (1.2–2.0 m), and high (〉2.0 m) canopy heights. Three treatments (bud shading; leaf pluck; bud shading and leaf pluck) were applied to three shoots in each canopy height on the fourth and eighth bud, in addition to a fourth control shoot. Light penetration was measured at the different canopy heights. Buds were assessed in Spring for floral transition, number of floral buds per node, and fruit set. The treatments at the node level had no effect on floral initiation, indicating that sink strength was not promoted by additional light. Light penetration decreased with decreasing canopy height and corresponded with lower floral buds in the low zone. Fruit set was uninfluenced by all treatments. The results of this study emphasised the importance of the availability of photosynthetic assimilates for floral initiation in peach and nectarine trees. Balanced crop load management and summer pruning to enhance canopy sunlight distribution would increase the availability of nutrients for improved floral transition in this cultivar.
    Electronic ISSN: 2223-7747
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 2
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    Effect of Shading on Red Colour and Fruit Quality in Blush Pears “ANP-0118” and “ANP-0131” (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Some cultivars of Pyrus communis develop mature fruit with a distinctive red blush. Investigating the patterns of pear colour development in response to sunlight has implications for orchard management of these pears. The objectives of these experiments are to study the seasonal patterns of colour development and investigate the influence of shade and sunlight exposure on the red colour and harvest quality of blush pears “ANP-0118” and “ANP-0131”. Several long, medium and short shading treatments were applied at different stages of fruit development from 28 (“ANP-0131”) and 29 (“ANP-0118”) days after full bloom (DAFB) until harvests at 119 DAFB (“ANP-0118”) and 175 DAFB (“ANP-0131”). Fruits were measured every three weeks for colour parameters (a*, hue angle, chroma) and at harvest for quality parameters (fresh weight, visual assessments of percentage blush coverage and blush intensity, flesh firmness and soluble solids concentration). In the unshaded control, red colour increased during the growing season (increase in a* value and decrease in hue angle), as well as increasing in chroma value. Periods of shading during the season negatively affected red colour in both cultivars, as evidenced by significant decreases in a* value and increases in hue angle. Shaded fruits that were subsequently re-exposed to sunlight reacted with a dynamic increase in a* value and decrease in hue angle. Fruit shaded for the length of the experiment or prior to harvest had significantly lower a* values than the control at harvest. Visual assessment at harvest of percentage blush coverage and blush intensity were significantly affected by shading in both cultivars. Shading treatments applied early in the experiment had a negative effect on the fresh fruit weight of “ANP-0118”.
    Electronic ISSN: 2223-7747
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 3
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    Reliability of a Handheld Bluetooth Colourimeter and Its Application to Measuring the Effects of Time from Harvest, Row Orientation and Training System on Nectarine Skin Colour (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-19
    Description: This work aimed to (i) determine the reliability of a portable Bluetooth colourimeter for fruit colour measurements; (ii) characterise the changes in quantitative skin colour attributes in a nectarine cultivar in response to time from harvest; and (iii) determine the influence of row orientation and training system on nectarine skin colour. The skin colour attributes measured with the colourimeter, namely L*, a* and b*, were calibrated and validated against a reference spectrophotometer. C* and h° were obtained from a* and b*. Skin colour was measured in situ from 42 days before to 6 days after harvest on ‘Majestic Pearl’ nectarines subjected to different row orientations and training systems. Validation models showed high reliability of colour estimations. The trends of colour attributes over time were characterised by cubic regression models, with h° proving to be the best parameter to describe changes of colour over time, with a clear link to the maturation process. No significant effects of row orientation and training system on skin colour were observed at harvest. Overall, the device proved reliable for fruit colour detection. Results of this study highlight the potential of h° as a quantitative index to monitor ripening prior to harvest in ‘Majestic Pearl’ nectarines.
    Electronic ISSN: 2311-7524
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 4
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    Holocene Deglaciation, Sea-Level Change, and the Emergence of the Windmill Islands, Budd Coast, Antarctica (1993)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-07-01
    Description: A Holocene deglaciation sequence for the Windmill Islands was determined from the 14C age of raised marine shorelines, lakebottom sediments, and Adelie penguin remains found in abandoned rookeries. A north-south gradient in the elevation of the upper marine limit was observed, with the highest marine limit (31-32 m) observed on Browning Peninsula and Hull Island at the southern edge of the islands. Correspondingly, the southern islands were found to have been deglaciated by 8000 (corr.) yr B.P. while the northern islands were deglaciated by 5500 (corr.) yr B.P. Isostatic uplift rates were calculated as 0.5 to 0.6 m/100 yr, with an estimated total uplift of around 53 m which indicates late Pleistocene ice sheet thicknesses of 200 and 400 m over the islands and adjacent Petersen Bank, respectively. The margin of the Late Pleistocene grounded ice sheet extended an estimated 8-15 km offshore which coincides with the location of the 200 m isobath.
    Print ISSN: 0033-5894
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-0287
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 5
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    Glacio-isostasy and Glacial Ice Load at Law Dome, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica (2000)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-01
    Description: The Holocene sea-level high stand or “marine limit” in Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, reached ∼30 m above present sea level at a few dispersed sites. The most detailed marine limit data have been recorded for the Windmill Islands and Budd Coast at the margin of the Law Dome ice cap, a dome of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). Relative sea-level lowering of 30 m and the associated emergence of the Windmill Islands have occurred since 6900 14C (corr.) yr B.P. Numerical modeling of the Earth's rheology is used to determine the glacio-isostatic component of the observed relative sea-level lowering. Glaciological evidence suggests that most of EAIS thickening occurred around its margin, with expansion onto the continental shelf. Consequently, a regional ice history for the last glacial maximum (LGM) was applied in the glacio-isostatic modeling to test whether the observed relative sea-level lowering was primarily produced by regional ice-sheet changes. The results of the modeling indicate that the postglacial (13,000 to 8000 14C yr B.P) removal of an ice load of between 770 and 1000 m from around the margin of the Law Dome and adjacent EAIS have produced the observed relative sea-level lowering. Such an additional ice load would have been associated with a 40- to 65-km expansion of the Law Dome to near the continental shelf break, together with a few hundred meters of ice thickening on the adjoining coastal slope of the EAIS up to 2000 m elevation. Whereas the observed changes in relative sea level are shown to be strongly influenced by regional ice sheet changes, the glacio-isostatic response at the Windmill Islands results from a combination of regional and to a lesser extent, Antarctic-wide effects. The correspondence between the Holocene relative sea-level lowering interpreted at the margin of the Law Dome and the lowering interpreted along the remainder of the Wilkes Land and Oates Land coasts (105°–160° E) suggests that a similar ice load of up to 1000 m existed along the EAIS margin between Wilkes Land and Oates Land.
    Print ISSN: 0033-5894
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-0287
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 6
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    The June 2016 Australian East Coast Low: Importance of Wave Direction for Coastal Erosion Assessment (2017)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2017-02-14
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4441
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 7
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    Glacio-lacustrine aragonite deposition, meltwater evolution and glacial history during isotope stage 3 at Radok Lake, Amery Oasis, northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica (2007)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-29
    Description: The late Quaternary glacial history of the Amery Oasis, and Prince Charles Mountains is of significant interest because about 10% of the total modern Antarctic ice outflow is discharged via the adjacent Lambert Glacier system. A glacial thrust moraine sequence deposited along the northern shoreline of Radok Lake between 20–10 ka bp, overlies a layer of thin, aragonite crusts which provide important constraints on the glacial history of the Amery Oasis. The modern Radok Lake is fed by the terminal meltwaters of the alpine Battye Glacier. The aragonite crusts were deposited in shallow water of ancestral Radok Lake 53 ka bp, during the A3 warm event in Isotope Stage 3. Oxygen isotope (δ18O) analysis of the last glacial-age aragonite crusts indicates that they precipitated from freshwater with a δ18OSMOW composition of -36%, which is 8% more depleted than the present water (-28%) in Radok Lake. A regional oxygen isotope (δ18O) and elevation relationship for snow is used to determine the source of meltwater and glacial ice in Radok Lake during the A3 warm event. This relationship indicates that Radok Lake received meltwater from the confluence of both Battye Glacier ice and an expansion of grounded western Lambert Glacier ice in the Amery embayment.
    Print ISSN: 0954-1020
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2079
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 8
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    Antarctic glacial history since the Last Glacial Maximum: an overview of the record on land (1998)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-01
    Description: This overview examines available circum-Antarctic glacial history archives on land, related to developments after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). It considers the glacial-stratigraphic and morphologic records and also biostratigraphical information from moss banks, lake sediments and penguin rookeries, with some reference to relevant glacial marine records. It is concluded that Holocene environmental development in Antarctica differed from that in the Northern Hemisphere. The initial deglaciation of the shelf areas surrounding Antarctica took place before 10 000 14C yrs before present(BP), and was controlled by rising global sea level. This was followed by the deglaciation of some presently ice-free inner shelf and land areas between 10 000 and 8000 yr BP. Continued deglaciation occurred gradually between 8000 yr BP and 5000 yr BP. Mid-Holocene glacial readvances are recorded from various sites around Antarctica. There are strong indications of a circum-Antarctic climate warmer than today 4700–2000 yr BP. The best dated records from the Antarctic Peninsula and coastal Victoria Land suggest climatic optimums there from 4000–3000 yr BP and 3600–2600 yr BP, respectively. Thereafter Neoglacial readvances are recorded. Relatively limited glacial expansions in Antarctica during the past few hundred years correlate with the Little Ice Age in the Northern Hemisphere.
    Print ISSN: 0954-1020
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2079
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 9
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    Circum-Antarctic coastal environmental shifts during the Late Quaternary reflected by emerged marine deposits (1998)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-01
    Description: This review assesses the circumpolar occurrence of emerged marine macrofossils and sediments from Antarctic coastal areas in relation to Late Quaternary climate changes. Radiocarbon ages of the macrofossils, which are interpreted in view of the complexities of the Antarctic marine radiocarbon reservoir and resolution of this dating technique, show a bimodal distribution. The data indicate that marine species inhabited coastal environments from at least 35 000 to 20 000 yr BP, during Marine Isotope Stage 3 when extensive iceberg calving created a ‘meltwater lid’ over the Southern Ocean. The general absence of these marine species from 20 000 to 8500 yr BP coincides with the subsequent advance of the Antarctic ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum. Synchronous re-appearance of the Antarctic marine fossils in emerged beaches around the continent, all of which have Holocene marine-limit elevations an order of magnitude lower than those in the Arctic, reflect minimal isostatic rebound as relative sea-level rise decelerated. Antarctic coastal marine habitat changes around the continent also coincided with increasing sea-ice extent and outlet glacial advances during the mid-Holocene. In view of the diverse environmental changes that occurred around the Earth during this period, it is suggested that Antarctic coastal areas were responding to a mid-Holocene climatic shift associated with the hydrological cycle. This synthesis of Late Quaternary emerged marine deposits demonstrates the application of evaluating circum-Antarctic phenomena from the glacial-terrestrial-marine transition zone.
    Print ISSN: 0954-1020
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2079
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 10
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    Unravelling the History of Climate Change (1998)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-01
    Description: The spatial configuration of the Antarctic ice sheet has fluctuated widely during the Late Quaternary, primarily in response to climate and sea-level forcings. Ice core time-series have long been used as proxy climate records for the Antarctic ice sheet surface and polar atmosphere, and there has been a major multinational effort to drill ice cores on or near the summit of ice domes to retrieve the longest possible records. The annual layering of ice accumulation has afforded high resolution proxy climate records on annual to decadal intervals, spanning a few hundred to hundreds of thousands of years. These time-series have also detailed the changes in the ice sheet surface elevation and dynamics, particularly since the transition from glacial to Holocene climate. However, ice sheet sensitivity to external forcings and the associated fluctuations in ice volume are probably best researched around the ice sheet's margins. The sedimentary record in these circumAntarctic margins holds the key to our unravelling of past and future responses of the Antarctic ice sheet and circumpolar oceans to climate and environmental change, including: fluctuations in ice volume; the distribution of ice shelves; the production of Antarctic bottom water; the variability in the fast ice and pack ice characteristics; biogeochemical cycling and marine productivity; and the evolutionary response of marine and terrestrial species and ecosystems.
    Print ISSN: 0954-1020
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2079
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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