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  • Blackwell Science Ltd  (11)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cataract formation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolt relative to dietary pro- and antioxidants and lipid level (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of cataracts in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was studied in 16 groups of smolts fed diets differing in prooxidant (iron, copper, manganese) and antioxidant (vitamin E, vitamin C, astaxanthin) composition and lipid level for 23 weeks in sea water, using a 27--3 reduced factorial design. The seven dietary variables were systematically varied at low (requirement level and 150 g lipid kg−1) and high levels (below known toxic levels and 320 g lipid kg−1). A mean endpoint cataract incidence of approximately 36% was observed. High dietary levels of vitamin C and astaxanthin reduced cataract frequency, whereas high dietary lipid level, iron and manganese were associated with increased cataract frequencies. Considering the nutritional status of selected organs of the fish, only the status of ascorbic acid correlated negatively to cataract development (P 〈 0.05). The lens glutathione (GSH) status was not correlated to cataract frequency, nor statistically explained by the dietary variables. However, the study shows that balancing the diet with respect to pro- and antioxidant nutrients may significantly protect Atlantic salmon against development of cataracts. An incidence of reversible osmotic cataract observed at week 14 was positively correlated to plasma glucose concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00449.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A multivariate study on the effects of dietary vitamin K, vitamin D3 and calcium, and dissolved carbon dioxide on growth, bone minerals, vitamin status and health performance in smolting Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Bone deformities represent an increasing, unsolved problem for intensive farming of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. To increase insight into nutritional and environmental impacts on bone mineralization, 16 groups of Atlantic salmon parr were fed diets with different levels of menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB), vitamin D3, and calcium (Ca), and exposed to different levels of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) based on a multivariate factorial design (24). The composition of the experimental diets was either a high or low level of each of the design variables. In addition, four groups (centre points) were fed a diet with intermediate levels of all dietary parameters and exposed to an intermediate level of dissolved CO2 to record the variation among tanks. After 6 weeks in fresh water, fish were marked according to group, transferred to a common net pen in sea water and fed commercial feed for another 11 weeks. High levels of CO2 decreased fish growth both in fresh water and sea water. No visible bone deformities were recorded at any time. Dry matter, protein and ash compositions of bone and concentrations of Ca, phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) in bone were not significantly affected by any of the design variables. Minor effects were observed in clinical parameters recording health performance, stress and plasma Ca homeostasis. The mean level of vitamin D3 measured as cholecalciferol in fish organs increased significantly during the freshwater period and reflected dietary vitamin D3, whereas the level decreased when fish were fed commercial feed in sea water. The level of menaquinone in liver increased significantly in response to high dietary levels of MSB, indicating that dietary MSB was converted to menaquinone in salmon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00403.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phospholipids in formulated start-feeds – Effect on turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) larval growth and mitochondrial alteration in enterocytes (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Turbot Scophthalmus maximus, larvae were start-fed with formulated feeds containing marine phospholipids (MP) or soya phospholipids (SP). The experiment was performed with six experimental groups, four groups were given formulated feeds, one group was given live feed and one group was starved. Phospholipid (PL) contents of the formulated feeds were respectively 5% MP, 15% MP, 5% SP and 15% SP. Larvae were offered feed from day 3 post-hatch. There was no significant size difference on day 5 between the group fed 15% MP and the group given rotifers. Electron microscopical examination of enterocytes was performed on larval intestine on day 5. Larvae fed 5% and 15% MP and larvae fed rotifers had normal looking enterocytes with numerous normal looking mitochondria. In the enterocytes of larvae fed 5% SP and 15% SP the mitochondria appeared swollen with a translucent matrix and fragmented cristae. Thus, MP and not SP seemed suitable as a lipid and PL source for start-feeding turbot larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00228.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three different levels of dietary vitamin D3 fed to first-feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): effect on growth, mortality, calcium content and bone formation (2002)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 8 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fry were reared on a fishmeal-based diet with three different levels of vitamin D3 (0.2, 5 and 57 mg vitamin D3 kg–1 feed, ww) from first-feeding for 14 weeks. No significant differences were recorded in weight, length, specific growth rate, mortality, or kidney calcium concentration between the different dietary groups. No skeletal malformations or histopathological changes were recorded in any of the dietary groups. These results suggest Atlantic salmon fry to be highly tolerant of megadoses of vitamin D3 over a limited period of time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2002.00197.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retained levels of dietary α-, γ- and δ-tocopherol in tissues and body fluids of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, L. (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 3 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between dietary supplementation and concentration of γ- and δ-tocopherol (TOH) in tissues of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, L., when α-TOH was fed at a constant level. Post-smolt Atlantic salmon (230 g) in duplicate tanks were fed a fish-meal-based diet with 250 g kg−1 lipid. Different combinations of RRR-tocopherylacetate preparations were added to give the following levels of TOH (mg kg−1) in diets 1–4, respectively: 150α; 150α+ 100δ; 150α+ 50γ+ 50δ; 150α+ 100γ+ 100δ. The concentrations of γ- and δ-TOH in most tissues were directly proportional to the feed concentrations. Exceptions were γ-TOH in erythrocytes, spleen and kidney and δ-TOH in heart muscle, where the intercept with the y-axis was significantly different from zero. The relative retained levels of α-, γ- and δ-TOH in most tissues were similar to their biological activities in mammals. An exception was muscle and adipose tissue, where γ- and δ-TOH were retained at rates of 70–90% and 20–35% compared with α-TOH, respectively. α-TOH was retained to a greater extent when α-TOH was fed alone than when γ- and δ-TOH were added to the diet. Fish growth was significantly correlated to total dietary TOH concentration. The data suggest that turnover of tocopherols in Atlantic salmon is similar to that in mammals, i.e. that discrimination between the tocopherols is mediated through competition for a tocopherol-binding protein in the liver, and consequently that α-TOH is preferentially secreted in very low density lipoprotein. Muscle and adipose tissue appear to be supplied with tocopherols from chylomicrons that have not yet been exposed to the hepatic discrimination mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1997.00077.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three different lipid sources in formulated start-feeds for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, L.) larvae – effect on growth and mitochondrial alteration in enterocytes (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, larvae were start-fed with formulated feeds containing soya phospholipids (SP), marine phospholipids (MP) or triacylglycerol (TAG). The levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were the same in the MP and TAG feeds. The control group was given rotifers (R). The larvae were offered feed from day 4 post-hatch. Larvae fed formulated feed with added MP showed good initial growth and there were no significant differences in weight on day 6 between this group and the group given rotifers. Using feed with added TAG enriched with EPA and DHA gave no growth at all. Using SP as the lipid source in the feed resulted in reduced initial growth. Electron microscopical examination of enterocytes was performed on larval intestines on day 6. Larvae fed MP, TAG or rotifers had normal looking enterocytes with numerous normal looking mitochondria. In the enterocytes of larvae fed SP the mitochondria appeared swollen with a translucent matrix and fragmented cristae. Thus, SP or TAG appear not to be suitable as the sole source of lipids and/or phospholipids in start-feed for turbot larvae and the effects of MP are not solely caused by high levels of EPA and DHA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00225.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dietary levels of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 on tissue lipid composition in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, with emphasis on brain and eye (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 3 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Four dietary groups of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., each with three replicates, were fed diets with increasing levels of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA). Fatty acid composition of brain and eye was determined at the start and approximately every 3 weeks during the experimental period, and fatty acid composition of liver and fillet was determined in fish from the final sampling. Lipid class composition of brain and eye, and fatty acid composition of these lipid classes was determined at the end of the experiment. There was no effect of increasing dietary DHA content on fatty acid composition, lipid class composition or DHA levels in the lipid classes in the juvenile Atlantic salmon brain. The increasing dietary EPA content, however, was reflected in both the total fatty acid composition and in the EPA content in neutral lipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). A minor effect of the increasing dietary DHA content was found in the lipid composition of the juvenile salmon eye. Both EPA and 18:2n-6 levels in eye, however, clearly reflected the increasing and decreasing, respectively, dietary levels of these two fatty acids. The dietary EPA levels also affected the EPA levels in neutral lipids, PC, PE, PI and PS (phosphatidylserine) in the juvenile salmon eye. The results demonstrate that these dietary levels of DHA had no effect on brain lipid composition and only a minor effect on eye lipid composition. Furthermore, the dietary EPA levels significantly affected the lipid composition of both brain and eye. The fillet fatty acid composition reflected the dietary fatty acid composition, except for the DHA/EPA ratio, which was reversed in fillet compared with that in the diets. The liver fatty acid composition was also affected by the increasing dietary EPA and DHA levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1997.00085.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Replacing dietary fish oil with increasing levels of rapeseed oil and olive oil – effects on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) tissue and lipoprotein lipid composition and lipogenic enzyme activities (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Six groups of Atlantic salmon, initial weight 142 ± 1 g, were fed increasing dietary inclusion of rapeseed oil (RO) in a regression design and one group was fed a 50% olive oil/50% capelin oil diet. Fatty acid composition was measured in red and white muscle, liver, and fatty acid and lipid class composition was measured in plasma and in the lipoproteins; very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein and nonlipoprotein fraction after 22 and 42 weeks of feeding. Further, the activities of liver NADH-isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were measured at each sampling point. After 42 weeks of feeding the experimental diets, the tissue and lipoprotein fatty acid composition was highly affected by dietary fatty acid composition. Regressions showed that 22:1n − 11, 18:1n − 9, 18:3n − 3 and 18:2n − 6 are readily metabolized in all tissues analysed. Further, 20:5n − 3 seems to be metabolized in muscle and retained in liver. 22:6n − 3 was selectively retained in all the analysed tissues, and with higher retention in liver and plasma with higher polar lipid/neutral lipid ratio compared to white and red muscle. Liver from salmon fed 100% RO showed decreased G6PDH and increased ICDH activities compared to the other dietary groups; however, no linear relationship related to increased RO inclusion was detected. The amount of plasma lipoproteins, liver monoene fatty acid level and lipogenic enzyme activity decreased from the autumn to the winter sampling with concomitant decrease in temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00289.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary uptake of dioxins (PCDD/PCDFs) and dioxin-like PCBs in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed graded levels of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DLPCBs) in their diets for 7 months. The dioxin and DLPCB concentrations in both fillet and whole body of salmon increased with increasing dietary exposure. DLPCBs transferred more efficiently from the feed to edible flesh of salmon than dioxins, and contributed a higher proportion to the total toxic equivalents (TEQ). At the end of the trial, the maximum concentrations of dioxins in fillet and whole fish were 1.9 and 2.3 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 fresh weight, respectively. Hence with this feeding period even with the most contaminated feed (4.9 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 dw) the dioxin concentrations in salmon did not exceed the maximum level set by the European Commission [4 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 (EC 2375/2001)]. The inclusion of DLPCBs in this study provides valuable information for forthcoming risk assessments and the future establishment of maximum limits for these compounds in feed and fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00299.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antioxidant vitamins, minerals and lipid levels in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.): effects on growth performance and fillet quality (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment with 2(7 − 3) reduced factorial design was conducted to study the biological effects of pro- and antioxidant micronutrients and lipid in Atlantic salmon. Vitamins C and E, astaxanthin, lipid, iron, copper and manganese were supplemented at high and low levels. For vitamins and minerals, high levels were chosen to be below the anticipated toxic level and the low levels were just above the requirement (vitamin C, 30 and 1000 mg kg−1; vitamin E, 70 and 430 mg kg−1; Fe, 70 and 1200 mg kg−1; Cu, 8 and 110 mg kg−1; Mn, 12 and 200 mg kg−1). For astaxanthin, the dietary levels were 10 and 50 mg kg−1 and for lipid, 150 and 330 g kg−1. The experiment was started with postsmolts (148 ± 17 g) and lasted for 5 months. The variation in micronutrients had only minor effects on growth, feed conversion and fillet quality, measured as lipid and astaxanthin deposition. High dietary lipid had a profound positive effect on growth and feed conversion but gave fillets nearly two times the fat content that was found in fish fed the low lipid diet. Astaxanthin deposition in the fillet was primarily affected by dietary astaxanthin with a positive effect of high dietary lipid in week 14 but not in week 23. Vitamin E protected the fillet against iron ascorbate stimulated oxidation, with no effect of the other nutrient variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2003.00288.x
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