ALBERT

Notes: The results are reported from an experiment on the effects of cutting date (14 June, 21 July and I September), fertilizer application (none or 80 kg ha−1 N plus 40 kg ha−1 P and K) and grazing treatments (none, autumn or autumn plus spring) on the vegetation of an upland mesotrophic grassland in Upper Teesdale. northern England, UK.Effects on plant species number and cover are reported for 4 years (1989–93) of treatment. Effects on ‘species -attributes’ are given for the fourth year.The cessation of grazing combined with the use of fertilizer progressively reduced species number by about 25%. Under traditional management (no fertilizer, cutting date on 21 July, autumn and spring grazing) the species number and cover remained relatively static over the 4 years.Comparison between treatments in the fourth year showed a reduction in species number under the fertilizer application, cutting date on 1 September and no-grazing treatments. Fertilizer use together with cutting date on 1 September particularly lowered species number and cover.Analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of treatment on species that occurred frequently in the sward. A cutting date of 1 September favoured Agrostis capillaris. Alopecurus pratensis, Poa trivialis, Phleum pratense and Trisetum flavescens, The absence of grazing favoured Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus. The use of fertilizer particularly favoured A. pratensis and H. lanatus. Ordination methods were used to assess the effect of treatment on the less frequent species. These were primarily associated with the treatment combination that matched ‘traditional’ management. Deviations from this ‘traditional’ regime acted separately, rather than in combination, and favoured different grass species. Traditional management was associated with ruderal, stress-tolerant ruderal and competitive ruderal strategists and with longer seed germination times, heavier seeds, some of which needed scarifying or chilling to break dormancy, and transient seed banks that germinated in the autumn.The original sward was an Anthoxanthum odora-turn-Geranium sylvatirum grassland, Briza media subcommunity (MG3b). After 4 years, Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile grassland, Holcus lanatus-Trifolium repens subcom-munity (U4b) and Lolium perenne-Alopecurus pratensis-Festuca pratensis grassland (MG7c) were found in many of the fertilized and late-cutting treatments.

Notes: The plant species number and composition, iind yield of herbage biomass of an agriculturally improved hay meadow were assessed after 4 years under various combinations of grazing, fertilizer applicution. cutting date and seed addition treatments in a replicated split-plot design.Grazing treatments consisted of either autumn grazing with cattle and sheep, spring grazing with sheep or both regimes. Fertilizer application treatments consisted of either 25 kg ha−1 N plus 12–5 kg ha−1 P and K or no fertilizer. Cutting date treatments consisted of cuts on either 14 June, 2i July or 1 September. Seed addition treatments consisted of either no addition or sowing with a range of meadow species in the autumn. Data analysis was by correspondence analysis and analysis of variance.Species number decreased with fenilizer use and when the cutting date was 1 September. A range of species was affected by the main treatments and there were some first-order interactions, mainly between cutting date and fertilizer application. Rhinanthus minor was particularly favoured by the seed addition treatment. Species attnbutes in the regenerative and established phase were related to treatments and their effect on species composition.The National Vegetation Classification communities were associated with particular treatment regimes. The 21 July cutting date favoured ‘improved’ over ‘unimproved-traditional’ swards, with spring grazing favouring ‘unimproved-traditional’ swards.Lowest yields of herbage biomass were associated with autumn and spring grazing, the 14 June cutting date and no fenilizer treatments. The fenil-izer, 1 September cutting date and auiumn grazing treatments gave the highest yields.The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the conservation management required to return agriculturally improved mesotrophic grassland to a species composition similarto that of traditionally managed grassland.

Notes: Pollution Prevention PaysIndustrial Innovation-Technology, Policy, DigusionTechnical Change and EmploymentUnemploymentIndustrial New Product Development-A Manual for the 1980'sThe Heart of the Enterprise

Notes: Quantitative modelling of oxygen exchange by diffusion during slow cooling has been compared to the observed oxygen isotope distributions from high-grade metamorphic and granitic rocks of the High Himalayan Crystallines, Langtang Valley, central Nepal, in order to investigate the effect of retrograde diffusional exchange on the preservation of high-temperature, oxygen isotope systematics.Modelled fractionations, using water-present diffusion data reported in the literature, predict quartz-mica fractionations to be much larger than those at peak metamorphic and igneous conditions due to low closure temperatures for micas. Quartz-feldspar fractionations may be less than those at peak conditions, and in some samples may even be slightly negative.The observed oxygen isotope fractionations in the metamorphic rocks are small and largely appear to record equilibrations close to peak conditions determined by other methods. Hence these rocks clearly do not conform to predictions of fluid-present diffusional retrograde exchange. It is suggested that their retrograde history was therefore within an anhydrous closed system in which diffusion was slow and hence mineral closure temperatures were high. The granitic rocks record rather larger quartz-biotite fractionations, approaching those predicted by the diffusion modelling. However, quartz-feldspar fractionations are large and hence, although significant retrograde exchange has clearly occurred, simple diffusion alone is not sufficient to explain the observed data and open-system exchange may be required. The presence of fluids during the retrograde history of this part of the section is supported by petrographic evidence.The different retrograde oxygen exchange histories recorded between the regional metamorphic and magmatic regimes of the Langtang section would appear to support the importance of water on the kinetics of such exchange, and suggests that in its absence, diffusional exchange may become insignificant, allowing oxygen isotope thermometry to record meaningful high-temperature data.

Notes: The Photogrammetric Society was honoured to be addressed by the Congress Director of the International Society for Photogrammetry during March 1974. Professor Halonen's lecture covered several aspects of current photogrammetric research in Finland. The following account contains contributions by two of his colleagues, J. Hakkarainen and H. Salmenperä, on specific aspects of lens distortion and block adjustment.

Notes: This paper investigates the effect of the deviation of measured points from the standard locations when carrying out a relative orientation of a stereomodel. The analytical solution of more than 100 cases was considered and, for each case, the weights for the elements of relative orientation and the correlation coefficients were evaluated. The stability of the solution was studied by calculating the characteristic roots of the matrix of normal equations.It is shown that, theoretically, the solution of the relative orientation problem can always be achieved whenever the locations of the measured points satisfy stated geometrical requirements. However, the reliability of the solution depends on their exact positions in the stereomodel. When the accuracy is too low, in practice there is no solution.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn étudié l'effet sur l'orientation relative d'un couple de variations de position des points de base. Plus de 100 cas ont été considérés et à chaque fois ont été estimées les précisions des paramètres calculés ainsi que leur correlation. On a de plus, étudié la stabilité de la solution par l'intermédiaire des valeurs propres de la matrice normale.Il n'est pas indispensable, en principe, d'imposer de contraintes précises au choix des points de base; mais de ce choix dépend la fiabilité de la solution, faible s‘il est par trop fantaisiste.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIn der Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Abweichung der gemessenen Punkte von ihrer Standardlage bei relativer Orientierung eines Stereomodells untersucht. Dazu werden mehr als 100 analytische Lösungen analysiert und für jeden Fall die Gewichte der Elemente der relativen Orientierung und die Korrelationskoeffizienten berechnet. Die Stabilität der Lösung wurde durch Berechnung der charakteristischen Wurzeln der Matrix der Normalgleichungen abgeschätzt.Es wird gezeigt, dass theoretisch immer die Lösung des Problems der relativen Orientierung erreicht werden kann, sobald die Lage der Messpunkte die geometrischen Anforderungen erfüllt. Die Zuverlässigkeit der Lösung hängt jedoch von der exakten Lage der Punkte ab. Wenn ihre Genauigkeit zu gering ist, gibt es praktisch keine Lösung.

Notes: Four authors review the activities of the seven Commissions of the I.S.P. at the Xth International Congress, Lisbon, 1964.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The chimpanzee is shown to behave like man to infection with Babesia divergens or bovis: the intact animal is totally resistant, whereas the splenectomized animal develops a fulminating infection accompanied by blackwater. The splenectomized rhesus monkey reacts in the same way also, but splenectomized rabbits are insusceptible. In the chimpanzee the typical accolé position of the “divergens” organisms (as seen in cattle) is absent, but occurs in the rhesus. It is suggested that latent piroplasmosis in man may exist on a large scale in rural populations in infected localities.

Notes: Three new species of Caryospora (Coccidiida, Eimeriidae) are described from Psammophis sibilans phillipsi. These are C. psammophi sp. nov.: oöcysts with yellow walls, 25 to 34 μ. ×23 to 31 μ C. hermae sp. nov.: oöcysts with colorless walls, 21 to 24 μ× 20 to 22 p) and C. weyerae sp. nov.: oocysts with colorless walls, 14 to 18 μ× 13 to 17 μ, Endogenous stages of all three parasites are found in epithelial cells of the small intestine of the snake.A Caryospora from Israel is described and named C. zucker-manae sp. nov.: oöcysts spherical with outer wall crumpled. 15 to 18 μ

Notes: Promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana mexicana attach to mouse macrophages in vitro in the absence of serum by a wheat germ agglutinin-like ligand on the surface of the promastigote that binds to the N-acetyl glucosamine moiety of a receptor on the surface of the macrophage. The binding is temperature dependent, and the macrophage receptor is trypsin, cytochalasin B, and glutaraldehyde sensitive. The promastigote ligand is proteolytic enzyme and glutaraldehyde insensitive. Uptake follows attachment and is assisted or inhibited as for attachment. Treatment of promastigotes with proteolytic enzymes uncovers a receptor for a serum component that binds strongly to a mouse macrophage receptor in vitro. The strain of mice donating the macrophages had little effect upon attachment and uptake except that A strain mouse macrophages attached fewer promastigotes in 10 min than those of outbred mice, but took up as many promastigotes over 90 min as those of outbred mice. Low responder Biozzi mouse macrophages took up more promastigotes than high responder Biozzi mouse macrophages. Normal unheated human, rabbit, and guinea pig sera lysed promastigotes and so inhibited their attachment to macrophages in vitro. Unheated immune serum showed an enhanced inhibition of attachment. Heated normal serum allowed attachment and uptake, while promastigotes treated with heated immune serum showed enhanced attachment to and uptake by macrophages. Treatment of macrophages in vitro with immune serum enhanced their ability to attach promastigotes and to engulf them. Repeated 90-min exposures of a population of promastigotes to uptake by mouse macrophages in vitro did not deplete the population of any sub-population more likely to be taken by macrophages. The first sub-population to be taken up survived better in macrophages over 24 h than subsequently engulfed sub-populations.