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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The retention of nitrate in acid soils from the tropics (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. In most soils of temperate regions nitrate is not held on soil surfaces and moves freely in solution. But when soils carry positive charges, nitrate is held as an exchangeable anion. As a result, leaching of nitrate is delayed relative to the movement of water. The delay can be predicted provided the anion exchange capacity (AEC) can be measured and the concentration of counter-anions is known. For soils with variable charge, the AEC varies with both pH and ionic strength, and the effective AEC should be determined under conditions similar to those in soil solution. A simple leaching method is described which satisfies this requirement. Delays in the leaching of nitrate measured in columns of repacked soil were strongly related to the AEC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00805.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The disposal of leather tannery wastes by land treatment—a review (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. People in rural areas have disposed of their wastes on land for centuries, relying on the soil's ability to degrade and render harmless any toxic elements the wastes may contain. Leather tanneries produce a large amount of sludge and liquid wastes. The liquids contain much sodium and in most circumstances adversely affect both the soil and groundwater. However, in some countries they are used for irrigation. The sludges contain nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, trivalent chromium and some sodium. Given careful management these sludges can be used as soil amendments, either directly or after composting. Application rates of about 200 tonnes ha−1 have proved toxic to crops in pot trials, though larger applications than this have not adversely affected crops in the field. Much smaller rates, of less than 20 tonnes ha−1, have been used in the field to minimize nitrate contamination of groundwater. The effects of CrIII depend on complex interactions between the sludge, the soil to which it is added and the plant species grown. Safe limits for the disposal of the sludges and their long term effects are not known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00745.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release of bromide following rewetting of a naturally drained acid gully mire (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 12 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Currently there is growing interest in the restoration of drained peatlands in Britain. In order to investigate some of the effects of changes in land management practices on the biogeochemistry of peatlands, a field experiment was designed to manipulate the hydrological conditions in a naturally drained acid gully mire in Mid-Wales. We report preliminary results of the effects of experimentally rewetting the mire on the hydrochemistry of bromide in the peat-water. Results show that rewetting had a dramatic effect on the concentrations of bromide, which increased substantially. Peak values approached 1 mg/dm3 in some samples following rewetting, compared with typical values 〈 0.05 mg/dm3 under the drained conditions. Bromide was positively and significantly correlated with Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) in the peat-water, which suggests that Br- is derived from breakdown of organic matter in the reducing conditions following rewetting. The bromide mobilized by rewetting may be leached out of the system and/or re-assimilated by the wetland vegetation. Further monitoring is needed to determine whether the observed hydrochemical response of bromide to rewetting of the mire has any longer-term effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1996.tb00960.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of field techniques for sampling soil solution in an upland peatland (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 20 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Results from recent studies of peatland biogeochemistry suggest that appropriate soil water sampling techniques are required in order to advance our understanding of peatland soil systems. In a comparative field experiment, concentrations of inorganic solutes and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were measured in soil water extracted at a depth of 10 cm beneath the surface of deep peat by three techniques: zero-tension (z-t) lysimeters, PTFE suction samplers, and polysulfone suction samplers. The majority of solute concentrations were broadly similar, but mean concentrations of silicon, DOC, iron and aluminium in water extracted by z-t lysimeters and PTFE samplers were in ratios of 1:5; 1:2; 1:5 and 1:3 respectively. Mean conductivity and concentrations of chloride and hydrogen ion were significantly larger in the z-t lysimeter samples, which had sodium, potassium and magnesium to chloride ratios that were very similar to local rainfall. The z-t lysimeters appeared to sample macropores preferentially, while the suction samplers collected micropore water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00397.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular weight spectra of dissolved organic carbon in a rewetted Welsh peatland and possible implications for water quality (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 17 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Demand for water from catchments dominated by upland peat as a source of drinking water supplies in the UK is likely to increase in the future as demand per capita continues to rise (Thomsen 1990) and/or summer droughts increase in frequency (Arnell 1992). Concern has been expressed in recent years over rising colour levels (related to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and iron (Fe)) from such catchments (e.g. Kay et al. 1989) causing reduced drinking water quality. One of the major causes of increased DOC concentrations is rewetting following periods of relative drought (Mitchell & McDonald 1992). Experimental rewetting of a naturally drained wetland in Mid-Wales over four years was found to substantially increase the concentrations of DOC, and Fe in the pore-water, with peak values of 〉60 mg dm–3 (Fe) and 〉300 mg dm–3 (DOC) after rewetting, compared with typical values of 〈1 mgdm–3 (Fe) and 〈15 mg dm–3 (DOC) under the drained conditions. Seasonal peak concentrations of Fe and DOC have since remained at these higher levels. Rewetting produced a selective enrichment of the 〉5000 to 〈90 000 apparent molecular weight (AMW) material and this fraction was found to yield peak Fe concentrations. Two additional peaks of DOC were also found in the experimental wetland (not present in the control wetland), of 〉90 000 to 〈200 000 AMW and 〉200 000 AMW material. The AMW spectrum of DOC in the experimental wetland changed with season, and the 〉90 000 to 〈200 000 AMW fraction could only be seen in spring, representing a transient pool of carbon that is rapidly transformed in or transported from the wetland. These findings suggest that rewetting of peatland following drought (e.g. due to climate change) has the potential to reduce water quality. Moreover, recent interest in restoration (rewetting) of drained peatlands (Wheeler & Shaw 1995) could create an additional source of DOC rich water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00015.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal trends in bromide release following rewetting of a naturally drained gully mire (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Recently, there has been interest in the occurrence of bromide (Br-) in natural waters since it has been demonstrated that Br-, in association with humic substances in raw waters, is readily incorporated into haloacetic acids in the form of organically bound bromine (Br) during water chlorination. We report results of the effects of experimentally rewetting a naturally drained gully mire on the hydrochemistry of Br-, iron (Fe) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the peat water. Results obtained over a three year period showed that rewetting substantially increased the concentrations of these solutes in the pore water, with peak values of 1 mg dm-3 (Br-), 〉 60 mg dm-3 (Fe) and 〉 300 mg dm-3 (DOC) detected in some samples after rewetting, compared with typical values 〈 0.05 mg dm-3 (Br-), 〈 1 mg dm-3 (Fe) and 〈 15 mg dm-3 (DOC) under the drained conditions. Bromide, Fe and DOC release were highly seasonal, with the largest concentrations observed in late-summer to autumn. However, whereas seasonal peak concentrations of Fe and DOC have since remained at these higher levels, seasonal peak concentrations of Br- were progressively attenuated over time, suggesting the latter phenomenon is a flush effect, with no longer-term consequences for water quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00161.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple phosphorus saturation index to estimate risk of dissolved P in runoff from arable soils (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 16 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. There is increasing evidence that phosphorus has been accumulating in the surface horizons of agricultural soils to the extent that some soils represent a potential diffuse source of pollution to surface waters. The relationships between equilibrium phosphorus concentration at zero sorption (EPC 0) of soil and a number of soil physicochemical variables were investigated in the surface layers of arable and grassland agricultural soils sampled from the Thame catchment, England. Soil EPC0 could be predicted from an equation including soil test (Olsen) P, soil phosphate sorption index (PSI) and organic matter content (OM) (R2=0.88; P〈0.001) across a range of soil types and land use. The simple index Olsen P/PSI was found to be a good predictor of EPC0 (R2=0.77; P〈0.001) and readily desorbable (0.02 m KCl extractable) P (R2=0.73; P〈0.001) across a range of soil types under arable having soil organic matter contents of 〈10%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2000.tb00194.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field and modelling studies to assess the risk to UK groundwater from earth-based stores for livestock manure (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 17 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Boreholes have been constructed at eight sites on the Permo-Triassic Sandstone and Chalk aquifers to assess the extent of chemical and microbiological contamination emanating from unlined farm manure stores. Slurry along fracture faces in the Chalk was found on cores taken from beneath two stores. Porewaters from the Chalk sites and one of the Sandstone sites were discoloured and showed high concentrations of nitrate, ammonium and organic carbon to depths in excess of 10 m. Although Cryptosporidia and Escherichia coli O157 were found in many of the cattle slurry lagoons, neither were found in the aquifer material beneath. The self-sealing of unlined slurry stores is seen as a crucial step in minimizing leakage. A simple mass balance shows farm boreholes near to contaminant sources are at greater risk than public supply wells. Contaminant modelling shows discontinuing use of an unlined farm manure store will lead to little difference in solute concentrations over the short to medium term. Groundwater is most at risk where the water table is shallow since direct hydraulic connection between the lagoon base and the water table considerably increases the rate of vertical migration. This is of greatest significance for pathogens that are thought to be relatively short lived in the subsurface. Under the majority of situations minimal threat is posed to potable groundwater drinking supplies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00018.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of clearfelling on microbial biomass phosphorus in the Oh horizon of an afforested podzol in Mid-Wales (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 7 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Microbial biomass C and P were monitored in the Oh horizon of an afforested podzol in Mid-Wales before and after clearfelling. Measurements over a 2-year period indicated that soil moisture and temperature control the seasonal fluctuations in biomass C in this soil. Clearfelling significantly increased biomass P in the Oh horizon. This was probably caused in part by increased fluxes of organic and inorganic phosphorus from the felling debris and litter horizons of the forest floor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1991.tb00872.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of land management on concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and its effects on the mobilization of aluminium and iron in podzol soils in Mid-Wales (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The aluminium (Al), iron (Fe) and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) contents of the soil solution were monitored in two upland grassland and afforested podzol soils in Mid-Wales. Al organo-metallic complexes predominated in the O horizon leachates of the grassland soil, whereas inorganic monomeric Al forms dominated in the lower mineral horizons. Dissolved organic matter determines the chemistry, solubility, and transport of Al and Fe in the O horizon, and these are under strong biological control. The distributions of organic-Al, Fe and DOC within the soil profile were consistent with traditional podzolization theory. Observed increases in the molar ratios of Al:DOC in solution in the lower soil horizons may be responsible for the small solubility of Al organo-metallic complexes in those horizons. Afforestation increased the concentrations of organic-Al and Fe in the soil solution as compared with the concentrations observed for the grassland soil. Clearcutting further significantly mobilized Al and Fe from the upper soil horizon, primarily by increasing the DOC concentration in the soil water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00823.x
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