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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of long term CO2 enrichment on the growth, biomass partitioning and mineral nutrition of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 393-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Elevated CO2 ; Sitka spruce ; Growth ; Allocation ; Nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] seedlings were grown for 3 years in an outside control plot or in ambient (∼355 μmol mol-1) or elevated (ambient + 350 μmol mol-1) atmospheric CO2 environments, within open top chambers (OTCs) at the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Edinburgh. Sequential harvests were carried out at the end of each growing season and throughout the 1991 growing season, five in all. Plants grown in elevated CO2 had, (i) 35 and 10% larger root/shoot ratios at the end of the first and third season, respectively, (ii) significantly higher summer leader extension relative growth rates, which declined more rapidly in early autumn than ambient grown plants, (iii) after three growing seasons a significantly increased mean annual relative growth rate, (iv) consistently lower foliar nutrient concentrations, and (v) after two growing seasons smaller total projected needle areas. Plants grown inside OTCs were taller, heavier and had a smaller root/shoot ratio than those grown outside the chambers. There was no effect of CO2 concentration on Sitka spruce leaf characteristics, although leaf area ratio, specific leaf area and leaf weight ratio all fell throughout the course of the 3 year experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185643
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spike generation in the lateral-line afferents ofXenopus laevis: Evidence favoring multiple sites of initiation (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 87 (1973), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Arrival-time differences of spikes recorded simultaneously at two sites from single lateral-line afferent fibers often fall into distinct populations, or have broad distributions. These findings are consistent with the notion that spikes arise at several different points within the branches of the afferent fibers. 2. Mechanical stimulation of an individual neuromast emphasizes one class of relative arrival-times, as would be expected if there were multiple sites of spike initiation. 3. During single-neuromast mechanical stimulation, spikes belonging to the emphasized classes are more tightly locked to the stimulus than are other spikes. This finding would also be anticipated under the hypothesis of multiple spike-initiation sites. 4. Coupling the evidence for multiple loci of spike generation with previously described indications of “resetting” after each spike, we propose that sensory messages transmitted fromXenopus lateral-line organs might be characterized by order statistics. This type of sensory process has not heretofore been studied. 5. The type of operation suggested for the lateral-line organs may be relevant to other acoustico-lateralis organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00699292
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systems of mutually-triggering event generators: Basic properties and functions in information transmission and rhythm generation (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 117 (1977), S. 63-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Linkages of multiple distinct event generators, coupled so that the firing of any one triggers the remainder, are found in many biological settings. This paper analyzes such networks under the assumption that individual event generators emit discrete events of a fixed type in a more-orless random time series. The aspects of their behavior studied herein include the frequency of network event emissions, their regularity, and their sensitivity to stimuli impinging equally on all generators. This analysis includes rhythm-generating and information-encoding functions within its purview. 2. Under specified conditions on the “ageing” properties of interevent intervals characterizing individual generators, the output frequency of such networks depends weakly on the number of more-or-less similar generators in the network. This phenomenon, termedpseudosaturation, would promote robustness of function in the face of injury or elaborational error, and is enhanced when all generators exhibit a substantial sure silent period following event emission. 3. Given certain assumptions about the manner of encoding and decoding of a single stimulus parameter, networks whose function is to encode information improve their overall signal-to-noise ratios with increasing numbers of generators. Where the properties of the generators permit pseudosaturation in output rate, this improvement comes about at a low expense of dynamic range, so that in addition to redundancy, this type of linkage offers a potentially adaptive means of channel compression. 4. The dependence of generator output on an encoded stimulus parameter may be severely distorted under mutually-triggering linkage. Conditions guaranteeing the absence of various degrees of distortion are given, and the possible selective advantage of serious distortion in respect of reducing sensitivity to extraneous influences is discussed. 5. The mutually-triggering feature in networks functioning to produce rhythmic behavior does not necessarily enhance the regularity of a rhythm, the presence of enhancement depending both upon the detailed statistical characteristics of the constituent generators, and upon the statistic used to assess “regularity”. Larger networks generally display less variation in longterm output frequency, but their instantaneous frequencies seem to be more constant only when individual generators tend to emit a substantial number of atypically long intervals, and/or exhibit sizeable post-event silent periods. 6. Various of the ideas developed are applied to two systems which have been studied experimentally. Mutual triggering between different spikeinitiating zones in the lateral-line afferents ofXenopus laevis can not at present be shown to improve signal-to-noise ratio, sensitivity, or robustness — its function remains unknown. The published statistical properties of isolated marginal-ganglion oscillators in scyphomedusae would permit, in the absence of influences other than mutual triggering, both increases in robustness and in rhythm regularity. Experiments are suggested to determine the nature of additional influences known to exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605524
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of long term CO2 enrichment on the growth, biomass partitioning and mineral nutrition of Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 393-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Elevated CO2 ; Sitka spruce ; Growth ; Allocation ; Nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] seedlings were grown for 3 years in an outside control plot or in ambient (∼355 μmol mol –  1) or elevated (ambient + 350 μmol mol –  1) atmospheric CO2 environments, within open top chambers (OTCs) at the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Edinburgh. Sequential harvests were carried out at the end of each growing season and throughout the 1991 growing season, five in all. Plants grown in elevated CO2 had, (i) 35 and 10% larger root/shoot ratios at the end of the first and third season, respectively, (ii) significantly higher summer leader extension relative growth rates, which declined more rapidly in early autumn than ambient grown plants, (iii) after three growing seasons a significantly increased mean annual relative growth rate, (iv) consistently lower foliar nutrient concentrations, and (v) after two growing seasons smaller total projected needle areas. Plants grown inside OTCs were taller, heavier and had a smaller root/shoot ratio than those grown outside the chambers. There was no effect of CO2 concentration on Sitka spruce leaf characteristics, although leaf area ratio, specific leaf area and leaf weight ratio all fell throughout the course of the 3 year experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185643
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Another construction of the central extension of the loop group (1988)
    Springer
    Communications in mathematical physics 116 (1988), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract By considering the geometry of the central extension of the loop group as a principal bundle it is shown that it must be the quotient of a larger group. This group is a central extension of the group of paths in the loop group and its cocycle is constructed as the holonomy around a certain path. Conversely it is shown that this definition of a cocycle gives a method of constructing the central extension. The Wess-Zumino term plays an important role in these constructions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239026
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectral curves and the ADHM method (1988)
    Springer
    Communications in mathematical physics 114 (1988), S. 463-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For a general monopole the algebraic curves defined by Nahm are shown to be the same as the spectral curves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242139
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    String structures and the path fibration of a group (1991)
    Springer
    Communications in mathematical physics 141 (1991), S. 441-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We use the realisation of the universal bundle for the loop group as the path fibration of the group to investigate the string class, that is the obstruction to a loop group bundle lifting to a Kac-Moody group bundle. In the case that the loop group bundle is constructed by taking loops into a principal bundle we show that the classifying map is the holonomy around loops and give an explicit formula for the string class relating it to the Pontrjangin class of the principal bunble.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02102809
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-Abelian magnetic monopoles (1984)
    Springer
    Communications in mathematical physics 96 (1984), S. 539-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that a general, irreducible, SU(n), Sp(n), SO(2n) monopole with maximal symmetry breaking is determined by its spectral data. For SU(n) with minimal symmetry breaking the spectral data is defined and also shown to determine the monopole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01212534
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monopoles and spectral curves for arbitrary Lie groups (1983)
    Springer
    Communications in mathematical physics 90 (1983), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The definition of the spectral curve of a monopole is extended to any connected, compact, simple Lie groupK. It is found there are rankK curves whose degrees are related to the topological weights of the monopole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01205507
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why instantons are monopoles (1989)
    Springer
    Communications in mathematical physics 121 (1989), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that instantons are hyperbolic monopoles for the loop group with non-maximal symmetry breaking at infinity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01218625
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