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  • 1
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    Model-simulated humidity bias in the upper troposphere and its relation to the large-scale circulation (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-24
    Description: The depiction of water vapor in the upper troposphere in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) climate model and ERA-40 reanalysis is evaluated through a model-to-radiance approach. Brightness temperatures of High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) 6.7 μm channel, Special Sensor for Microwave Water Vapor Profiler (SSM/T-2) 183.31 ± 1 GHz channel, and Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) 60 GHz channel simulated with data from the GFDL climate model and ERA-40 reanalysis show a distinct cold and moist bias in the upper troposphere compared to satellite observations, particularly over the subtropics. Temperature biases are a common feature in many climate models and complicate the interpretation of radiance-based comparisons with satellite data. We introduce a new method for evaluating the water vapor distribution which combines both HIRS 6.7 μm and SSM/T-2 183.31 ± 1 GHz channels and is much less sensitive to tropospheric temperature biases. Using this method, we show that GFDL climate model has a more humid upper troposphere over dry subtropical area than ERA-40 reanalysis. The geographical distribution of the humidity bias is found to exhibit a close association with differences in the 500 hPa vertical pressure velocity, suggesting that much of the bias in tropical upper tropospheric relative humidity can be attributed to errors in simulating the intensity of large-scale tropical circulation. Given the strong dependence of upper tropospheric water vapor on the large-scale circulation, these results suggest that long-term monitoring of upper tropospheric water vapor from satellites may also offer insight into variations in the large-scale atmospheric circulation.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    An assessment of the consistency between satellite measurements of upper tropospheric water vapor (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-15
    Description: We assess the consistency of the satellite-based observations of upper tropospheric water vapor (UTWV) by comparing brightness temperature measurements from the channel 12 of High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS), the 183.31  ±  1 GHz channel of Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B)/Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS), and spectral radiances from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). All three products exhibit consistent spatial and temporal patterns of interannual variability. On decadal time-scales, the spatial patterns of trends are similar between all three products, however the amplitude of the regional trends is noticeably weaker in the HIRS measurements than in either the AMSU-B/MHS or AIRS data. This presumably reflects the greater clear-sky sampling limitations of HIRS relative to the other products. However, when averaged over tropical or near-global spatial scales, the trends between all three products are statistically indistinguishable from each other. The overall consistency between all three products provides important verification of their credibility for documenting long-term changes in UTWV. A similar analysis is performed for reanalysis-produced and model-simulated UTWV using the HIRS record as a benchmark. On decadal time-scales, both reanalysis data sets and the multi-model ensemble mean have difficulty in capturing the observed moistening of climatologically dry regions of the subtropics, although the model-simulated trends are more consistent with the HIRS measurements than are the reanalysis data.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    An Assessment of the Diurnal Variation of Upper Tropospheric Humidity in Reanalysis Datasets (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-24
    Description: [1]  Diurnal variations of upper tropospheric humidity in five different reanalysis datasets are compared over convective land and ocean regions, and evaluated using multiple satellite observations as a reference. All reanalysis datasets reproduce the day/night contrast of upper tropospheric humidity and the land/ocean contrast in the diurnal amplitude. The infrared satellite measurements indicate a slightly later diurnal minimum over land relative to most reanalyses and the microwave satellite measurements, suggesting that cloud masking of the infrared radiances may introduce a small (~ 3 hr) bias in the phase. One reanalysis exhibits a substantially different diurnal cycle over land which is inconsistent with both infrared and microwave satellite measurements and other reanalysis products. This product also exhibits a different covariance between vertical velocity, cloud water and humidity than other reanalyses, suggesting that the phase bias is related to deficiencies in the parameterization of moist convective processes.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Circadian Organization of Behavior and Physiology in Drosophila (2010)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2010-03-17
    Description: Circadian clocks organize behavior and physiology to adapt to daily environmental cycles. Genetic approaches in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have revealed widely conserved molecular gears of these 24-h timers. Yet much less is known about how these cell-autonomous clocks confer temporal information to modulate cellular functions. Here we discuss our current knowledge of circadian clock function in Drosophila, providing an overview of the molecular underpinnings of circadian clocks. We then describe the neural network important for circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, including how these molecular clocks might influence neuronal function. Finally, we address a range of behaviors and physiological systems regulated by circadian clocks, including discussion of specific peripheral oscillators and key molecular effectors where they have been described. These studies reveal a remarkable complexity to circadian pathways in this “simple” model organism.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4278
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-1585
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Annual Reviews
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  • 5
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    Neuronal Mechanisms that Drive Organismal Aging Through the Lens of Perception (2020)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-10
    Description: Sensory neurons provide organisms with data about the world in which they live, for the purpose of successfully exploiting their environment. The consequences of sensory perception are not simply limited to decision-making behaviors; evidence suggests that sensory perception directly influences physiology and aging, a phenomenon that has been observed in animals across taxa. Therefore, understanding the neural mechanisms by which sensory input influences aging may uncover novel therapeutic targets for aging-related physiologies. In this review, we examine different perceptive experiences that have been most clearly linked to aging or age-related disease: food perception, social perception, time perception, and threat perception. For each, the sensory cues, receptors, and/or pathways that influence aging as well as the individual or groups of neurons involved, if known, are discussed. We conclude with general thoughts about the potential impact of this line of research on human health and aging.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4278
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-1585
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Annual Reviews
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