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1

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Consumption rates and food preferences of slugs in a calcareous grassland under current and future CO2 conditions (2000)

Peters, H. A. ; Baur, B. ; Bazzaz, F. ; [et al.]

Springer

Oecologia 125 (2000), S. 72-81

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Key words Elevated CO2 ; Global change ; Alternative feeding ; Herbivory ; Legumes

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract This study explored consumption of a generalist herbivore feeding on leaf tissue of various plant species of a calcareous grassland, and tested whether consumption levels and preferences changed when plants were exposed to 5 years of in situ CO2 enrichment. The first part of this experiment tested whether the consumption patterns of slugs (Deroceras reticulatum) observed in single-species feeding tests were altered when slugs were given a choice of food sources. Overall consumption increased 270% when slugs were given a choice, and they preferred having a choice of food sources more than they preferred having any one food source. Surprisingly, slugs consumed fewer legumes and grasses and more non-leguminous forbs when given a choice. In the second part of this experiment, feeding behaviors of slugs in response to elevated CO2 were investigated by feeding them leaves of two legumes, one grass, and a non-leguminous forb (Trifolium medium, Lotus corniculatus, Bromus erectus, and Sanguisorba minor, respectively) in two or four species combinations. In the leguminous species mix, the non-leguminous species mix, and the combined mix (legumes and non-legumes), neither overall consumption by herbivores nor species preference was significantly altered by long-term CO2 enrichment. In the combined species mix, slugs preferred legumes to non-legumes (P=0.012) and exhibited a weak functional group preference shift from non-legumes to legumes (P=0.089) in response to CO2 enrichment. This is the first time such a shift has been observed, and provides evidence that there may be multiple herbivore responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Numerous single-species feeding tests using insects have shown that consumption by herbivores may increase when herbivores are fed plants grown in enriched CO2 atmospheres. This study clearly demonstrates the limited applicability of non-choice feeding trials to generalist herbivores in species-rich communities.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008893

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2

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Allocation, within and between organs, and the dynamics of root length changes in two birch species (1995)

Berntson, G. M. ; Farnsworth, E. J. ; Bazzaz, F. A.

Springer

Oecologia 101 (1995), S. 439-447

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Allocation ; Betula ; Biomass ; Nutrients ; Root length dynamics

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Spatial and temporal dynamics of biomass allocation within and between organs were investigated in seedlings of two birch species of contrasting successional status. Seedlings of Betula alleghaniensis Britt (yellow birch) and B. populifolia Marsh (gray birch) were grown for 6 weeks at two nutrient levels in rectangular plexiglass containers to allow non-destructive estimates of root growth, production and loss. Leaf area and production were simultaneously monitored. Yellow birch responded more to nutrient level than gray birch in terms of total biomass, shoot biomass, leaf area and root length. Yellow birch also flexibly altered within-organ allocation (specific leaf area, specific root length and specific soil amount). In contrast, gray birch altered between-organ allocation patterns (root length:leaf area and soil amount:leaf area ratios) more than yellow birch in response to nutrient level. Yellow birch showed greater overall root density changes within a very compact root system, while gray birch showed localized root density changes as concentric bands of new root production spread through the soil. Species differ critically in their responses of standing root length and root production and loss rates to nutrient supply. Early successional species such as gray birch are hypothesized to exhibit higher plasticity in varied environments than later successional species such as yellow birch. Our results suggest that different patterns of allocation, within and between plant organs, do not necessarily follow the same trajectories. To characterize thoroughly the nature of functional flexibility through ontogeny, within- and between-organ patterns of allocation must be accounted for.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329422

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3

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CO2-induced growth enhancements of co-occurring tree species decline at different rates (1993)

Bazzaz, F. A. ; Miao, S. L. ; Wayne, P. M.

Springer

Oecologia 96 (1993), S. 478-482

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Elevated CO2 atmospheres ; Forest productivity ; Quercus ; Betula ; Acer

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract To elucidate how enriched CO2 atmospheres, soil fertility, and light availability interact to influence the long-term growth of tree seedlings, six co-occurring members of temperate forest communities including ash (Fraxinus americana L.), gray birch (Betula populifolia), red maple (Acer rubrum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) were raised in a glasshouse for three years in a complete factorial design. After three years of growth, plants growing in elevated CO2 atmospheres were generally larger than those in ambient CO2 atmospheres, however, magnitudes of CO2-induced growth enhancements were contingent on the availability of nitrogen and light, as well as species identity. For all species, magnitudes of CO2-induced growth enhancements after one year of growth were greater than after three years of growth, though species' growth enhancements over the three years declined at different rates. These results suggest that CO2-induced enhancements in forest productivity may not be sustained for long periods of time. Additionally, species' differential growth responses to elevated CO2 may indirectly influence forest productivity via long-term species compositional changes in forests.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00320504

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4

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Elevated CO2 and plant nitrogen-use: is reduced tissue nitrogen concentration size-dependent? (1993)

Coleman, J. S. ; McConnaughay, K. D. M. ; Bazzaz, F. A.

Springer

Oecologia 93 (1993), S. 195-200

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Allometry ; C/N Balance ; Global change ; Nitrogen-use efficiency ; Physiological adjustments

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Plants often respond to elevated atmospheric CO2 levels with reduced tissue nitrogen concentrations relative to ambient CO2-grown plants when comparisons are made at a common time. Another common response to enriched CO2 atmospheres is an acceleration in plant growth rates. Because plant nitrogen concentrations are often highest in seedlings and subsequently decrease during growth, comparisons between ambient and elevated CO2-grown plants made at a common time may not demonstrate CO2-induced reductions in plant nitrogen concentration per se. Rather, this comparison may be highlighting differences in nitrogen concentration between bigger, more developed plants and smaller, less developed plants. In this study, we directly examined whether elevated CO2 environments reduce plant nitrogen concentrations independent of changes in plant growth rates. We grew two annual plant species. Abutilon theophrasti (C3 photosynthetic pathway) and Amaranthus retroflexus (C4 photosynthetic pathway), from seed in glass-sided growth chambers with atmospheric CO2 levels of 350 μmol·mol−1 or 700 μmol·mol−1 and with high or low fertilizer applications. Individual plants were harvested every 2 days starting 3 days after germination to determine plant biomass and nitrogen concentration. We found: 1. High CO2-grown plants had reduced nitrogen concentrations and increased biomass relative to ambient CO2-grown plants when compared at a common time; 2. Tissue nitrogen concentrations did not vary as a function of CO2 level when plants were compared at a common size; and 3. The rate of biomass accumulation per rate of increase in plant nitrogen was unaffected by CO2 availability, but was altered by nutrient availability. These results indicate that a CO2-induced reduction in plant nitrogen concentration may not be due to physiological changes in plant nitrogen use efficiency, but is probably a size-dependent phenomenon resulting from accelerated plant growth.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317671

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5

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Population niche structure (1987)

Garbutt, K. ; Bazzaz, F. A.

Springer

Oecologia 72 (1987), S. 291-296

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Abutilon ; Biomass ; Reproduction ; Light Nutrition

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary The response of twenty maternal families of the annual Abutilon theophrasti to two resource gradients, nutrient and light, was investigated. The structure of the population niche for both biomass and reproductive output was found to be quite different on the two gradients. On the light gradient there was a great diversity of responses among the families while on the nutrient gradient the families responded in a similar manner. On both gradients the plants showed a significant genotype/environment interaction. Three strategies for the production of seed variation have been proposed-all offspring are adapted to the same restricted environment, each offspring of an individual is adapted to a particular environment somewhat different thant that of its siblings, and all the offspring are able to grow in a wide range of environments. We found evidence for all three of these strategies amongst the families. The range of responses seen amongst families (of the same species) in this study was as broad as that found in previous studies among species of the old field annual community to which Abutilon theophrasti belongs. This has significant implications to the nature of competitive interactions and to the evolution of differential resource use in plant populations.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379281

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6

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Elevated CO2 differentially alters the responses of coocurring birch and maple seedlings to a moisture gradient (1992)

Miao, S. L. ; Wayne, P. M. ; Bazzaz, F. A.

Springer

Oecologia 90 (1992), S. 300-304

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Elevated CO2 ; Moisture gradient ; Biomass ; Niche breadth ; Gray birch

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary To determine the effects of elevated CO2 and soil moisture status on growth and niche characteristics of birch and maple seedlings, gray birch (Betula populifolia) and red maple (Acer rubrum) were experimentally raised along a soil moisture gradient ranging from extreme drought to flooded conditions at both ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. The magnitude of growth enhancement due to CO2 was largely contingent on soil moisture conditions, but differently so for maple than for birch seedlings. Red maple showed greatest CO2 enhancements under moderately moist soil conditions, whereas gray birch showed greatest enhancements under moderately dry soil conditions. Additionally, CO2 had a relatively greater ameliorating effect in flooded conditions for red maple than for gray birch, whereas the reverse pattern was true for these species under extreme drought conditions. For both species, elevated CO2 resulted in a reduction in niche breadths on the moisture gradient; 5% for gray birch and 23% for red maple. Species niche overlap (proportional overall) was also lower at elevated CO2 (0.98 to: 0.88: 11%). This study highlights the utility of of experiments crossing CO2 levels with gradients of other resources as effective tools for elucidating the potential consequences of elevated CO2 on species distributions and potential interactions in natural communities.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317191

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7

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Morning vs afternoon sun patches in experimental forest gaps: consequences of temporal incongruency of resources to birch regeneration (1993)

Wayne, P. M. ; Bazzaz, F. A.

Springer

Oecologia 94 (1993), S. 235-243

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Betula ; Photosynthesis ; Seedling regeneration ; Timing of resource availability

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract We investigated whether the timing of high light availability as sun patches within forest gaps, independent of total or peak photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), influences the physiology and growth of four coexisting birch species (Betula alleghaniensis, B. lenta, B. papyrifera, and B. populifolia). Birch seedlings were grown for two years along either the east or west sides of experimental gap structures and at two moisture levels. Seedlings positioned in the west received sun patches earlier in the day than those in the east, and environmental conditions for carbon gain were generally more favorable during the earlier sunpatches in the west; air and leaf temperatures were lower, and relative humidity higher, relative to conditions during sun patches in the cats, simulating patterns observed in natural forest gaps. Seedlings positioned along the west edges of gaps fixed more carbon earlier in the day than those in the east, and in many cases, peak net photosynthetic rates were greater for west positioned seedlings. In year two, leaf-level integrated daily carbon gain was greater for west- than eastpositioned plants, and for the most pioneer species, B. populifolia, differences between west and east seedlings were greatest at lower soil moisture levels. Despite some small effects on leaf gas exchange, the timing of high light availability, and its temporal congruence with other factors critical to carbon gain, had no significant effects on first or second year seedling biomass. The responses of birch seedlings to controlled variations in the timing of high light availability were generally much smaller than birch seedling responses to variations in other components of daily light regimes such as total integrated and peak PPF.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341322

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