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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Use of the semi-equilibrium dialysis method in studying the thermodynamics of solubilization of organic compounds in surfactant micelles. Systemn-hexadecylpyridinium chloride-phenol-water (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 15 (1986), S. 519-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Solubilization constant ; dialysis ; surfactants ; micelles ; activity coefficients ; n-hexadecylpyridinium chloride ; phenol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The semi-equilibrium dialysis method has been used to infer solubilization equilibrium constants or, alternatively, activity coefficients of solutes solubilized into micelles of aqueous surfactant solutions. Methods are described for inferring the concentrationa of monomers of the organic solute and of the surfactant on both sides of the dialysis membrane, under conditions where the organic solute is in equilibrium with both the high-concentration (retentate) and low-concentration (permeate) solutions. By using a form of the Gibbs-Duhem equation, activity coefficients of both phenol (the solubilizate) and n-hexadecylpyridinium chloride (the surfactant) are obtained for aqueous solutions at 25°C throughout a wide range of relative compositions of surfactant and solubilizate within the micelle. The apparent solubilization constant, K=[solubilized phenol]/([monomeric phenol][micellar surfactant]), is found to decrease significantly as the mole fraction of phenol in the micelle increases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00644893
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Strategies, scheduling effects, and the stability of intentions (1992)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 2 (1992), S. 17-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Schlagwort(e): Intentions ; scheduling ; practical rationality ; AI
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract This comment on Michael Bratman's ‘Planning and the Stability of Intention’ focuses on sources of the rational stability of intentions which are not related to the presence of reflectively overrideable non-deliberative habits of (non)reconsideration. It is true that intentions have a rational resistance to reconsideration, but this stability can be understood as a by-product of the scheduling of cognitive tasks. This scheduling effect is intrinsic to all actual systems, that is, systems whose reasoning is not instantaneous or otherwise costless. Additionally, rules governing practical reasoning, including rules governing reasoning with intentions, will not uniformly be subject to overrides resulting from reflective operations. Hence there is no basis for distinguishing human reasoners from artificial reasoners by reference to an alleged human capacity to reflectivity evaluate its own reasoning operations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261287
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The position-sensitive atom probe: Reconstruction of the atomic chemistry of solids in 3-dimensions (summary) (1991)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 104 (1991), S. 401-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Schlagwort(e): field-ion microscopy ; atom probe ; microanalysis ; microstructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A descriptive summary of the position-sensitive atom probe (POSAP), its applications to the study of nanoprecipitates and interfaces and recent methodological developments is presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245525
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Late Quaternary climates and limnology of the Lake Winnebago basin, Wisconsin, based on ostracodes (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 18 (1997), S. 249-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): Quaternary ; paleoclimates ; paleolimnology ; ostracodes ; Wisconsin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ostracodes document a series of late Quaternary climatic and limnologic changes within the Lake Winnebago basin of east-central Wisconsin. Using a 14 C, 137Cs, and 210Pb-based geochronology, Lake Winnebago ostracode abundances were compared to regional patterns of ostracode biogeography and the paleontological, sedimentological, and geochemical records of Elk Lake (Clearwater County), Minnesota, in order to interpret past temperature and hydrochemical changes in Lake Winnebago. Lake Winnebago sediments contain five major ostracode species, Candona ohioensis, Candona rawsoni, Cytherissa lacustris, Limnocythere verrucosa, and Physocypria pustulosa. In combination with sedimentology and geochronology, variations in the abundances of these species allow the late Quaternary record of the Lake Winnebago basin to be subdivided into five major climatic intervals: (1) glacial to post-glacial (15.5–11.0 ka), (2) cold and variable immediate post-glacial (11.0–10.4 ka), (3) warmer and wet early Holocene (10.4–7.8 ka), (4) warm but not particularly dry middle Holocene (7.8–4.2 ka), and (5) warm and moist late Holocene (4.2 ka-present).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007930402632
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    J. J. Thomson and The Electron: 1897–1899 An Introduction (1997)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 2 (1997), S. 1-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Three Seminal Papers of J. J. Thomson This being the 100th anniversary of J. J. Thomson’s discovery of the electron, the October 1897 paper in which he presented his case that cathode rays are streams of subatomic “corpuscles” is attracting a great deal of attention. Viewed from 100 years later, this paper stands out as the starting point for the research into the structure of the atom that has dominated 20th-century science. Viewed in its original historical context, however, this paper was but one of a group by Thomson and his Cavendish Laboratory research students and is matched in importance by his two ensuing papers: “On the Charge of Electricity carried by the Ions produced by Röntgen Rays” published in December 1898 and “On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures” published in December 1899. All three of these seminal papers, which appeared in the prestigious Philosophical Magazine, are included here, along with the published text of Thomson’s talk of April 30, 1897, in which he first put the subatomic proposal forward and George Fitzgerald’s commentary on this talk.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897970149a
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polymorphism in the major histocompatibility complex class II genes ofPeromyscus leucopus (1989)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 30 (1989), S. 214-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02421209
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Major histocompatibility complex class I genes of Peromyscus leucopus (1990)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 32 (1990), S. 371-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Class I genes of the Peromyscus leucopus major histocompatibility complex (MhcPele) were examined by Southern blot hybridization, genomic cloning, and DNA sequencing. At least three distinct subtypes of Pele class I genes were discerned, which we have designated Pele-A, B, and C. The nucleotide sequences of exon 5-containing regions (encoding the transmembrane domain) suggested that Pele-A genes are homologs of mouse H-2K, D, L, and Q genes and that Pele-B genes correspond to mouse Tla genes. The Pele-C genes appeared similar to mouse M1 genes. The number of unique genes in each subtype cloned from an individual P. leucopus were 20 for Pele-A, 13 for Pele-B, and 2 for Pele-C. Three genomic clones showed cross-hybridization to both Pele-A and Pele-B gene-specific probes. Six genomic clones remained unclassified as they did not cross-hybridize to exon 5-containing probes from Pele-A, B, or C genes. The homology between the transmembrane domains of Pele class I gene subtypes was found to be similar to that observed between the transmembrane domains of H-2 subtypes (or groups). Interspecific similarity of exon 5 was found to be 81%–88% between Pele class I genes and their H-2 counterparts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241630
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of formic acid hydrolysis on the quantitative analysis of radiation-induced DNA base damage products assayed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1996)
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 35 (1996), S. 41-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS-SIM) is an excellent technique for performing both qualitative and quantitative analysis of DNA base damage products that are formed by exposure to ionizing radiation or by the interaction of intracellular DNA with activated oxygen species. This technique commonly uses a hot formic acid hydrolysis step to degrade the DNA to individual free bases. However, due to the harsh nature of this degradation procedure, the quantitation of DNA base damage products may be adversely affected. Consequently, we examined the effects of various formic acid hydrolysis procedures on the quantitation of a number of DNA base damage products and identified several factors that can influence this quantitation. These factors included (1) the inherent acid stabilities of both the lesions and the internal standards; (2) the hydrolysis temperature; (3) the source and grade of the formic acid; and (4) the sample mass during hydrolysis. Our data also suggested that theN,O-bis (trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) derivatization efficiency can be adversely affected, presumably by trace contaminants either in the formic acid or from the acid-activated surface of the glass derivatization vials. Where adverse effects were noted, modifications were explored in an attempt to improve the quantitation of these DNA lesions. Although experimental steps could be taken to minimize the influence of these factors on the quantitation of some base damage products, no single procedure solved the quantitation problem for all base lesions. However, a significant improvement in the quantitation was achieved if the relative molecular response factor (RMRF) values for these lesions were generated with authentic DNA base damage products that had been treated exactly like the experimental samples.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211242
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In search of dark horses: Affinity maturation of phage-displayed ligands (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular diversity 2 (1996), S. 2-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-501X
    Schlagwort(e): Phage display ; Receptor ligands ; Affinity maturation ; Ribonuclease S-protein
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Most combinatorial libraries are ‘sparse’ in that only a tiny fraction of the relevant class of compounds is represented. This sparseness can be compensated in some measure by alternating rounds of selection with rounds of mutagenesis. Thus, clones are selected from the initial library by some criterion of ‘fitness’, such as affinity for a particular receptor. The selected clones are then mutagenized to generate a mutant library, which serves as input to the next round of selection, and so on. If the first round of selection is too stringent, rejecting all but the very fittest clone in the initial library (the ‘initial champion’), we might miss ‘dark horses’; clones in the initial library that are inferior to the initial champion, yet can be mutated to even higher fitness than can that champion. A more thoughtful strategy is to alternate nonstringent selection with simultaneous mutagenesis of many selected clones en masse.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01718693
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Knowledge Discovery in an Oceanographic Database (1999)
    Springer
    Applied intelligence 11 (1999), S. 135-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Schlagwort(e): knowledge discovery ; machine learning ; texture ; feature selection ; image processing ; clusturing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract Knowledge discovery from image data is a multi-step iterative process. This paper describes the procedure we have used to develop a knowledge discovery system that classifies regions of the ocean floor based on textural features extracted from acoustic imagery. The image is subdivided into rectangular cells called texture elements (texels); a gray-level co-occurence matrix (GLCM) is computed for each texel in four directions. Secondary texture features are then computed from the GLCM resulting in a feature vector representation of each texel instance. Alternatively, a region-growing approach is used to identify irregularly shaped regions of varying size which have a homogenous texture and for which the texture features are computed. The Bayesian classifier Autoclass is used to cluster the instances. Feature extraction is one of the major tasks in knowledge discovery from images. The initial goal of this research was to identify regions of the image characterized by sand waves. Experiments were designed to use expert judgements to select the most effective set of features, to identify the best texel size, and to determine the number of meaningful classes in the data. The region-growing approach has proven to be more successful than the texel-based approach. This method provides a fast and accurate method for identifying provinces in the ocean floor of interest to geologists.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008395129406
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