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  • Articles  (102)
  • American Meteorological Society  (70)
  • Springer  (32)
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  • Articles  (102)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 143-157 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Chrysopidae ; Araneidae ; lacewings ; spiders ; orb webs ; escape behavior ; prey capture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) fly into spider orb webs, they often simply reverse their flight direction and pull away (Table I). If a lacewing is trapped, it uses a specialized escape behavior. It first cuts away the sticky strands entangling head, feet, and antennae. If an antenna cannot be freed by tugging, it uses an “antenna climb” (Fig. 5A). After its body is free, the lacewing remains suspended by its hair-covered wings, which are held in a characteristic cruciform position (Fig. 5B). Orb web sticky strands adhere poorly to the hairy wings (Fig. 7), so the chrysopid may just wait until the strands slide off and it falls free. If placed in an orb web when the spider is at the web hub and ready to attack, a lacewing usually does not have time to escape (Fig. 1). When the spider is at the hub but eating, the chances of escape improve, and when the spider is away from the hub attacking other prey, nearly all lacewings in our experiment were able to escape. This finding emphasizes the importance of the spider's activity in its capture success.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 135 (1980), S. 259-268 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Some insects stridulate when attacked by a predator. This behavior has been interpreted as a defensive response, the sound being a warning to predators of the insect's noxiousness. Since to humans many such disturbance sounds are audibly similar, it is possible that they may in fact be mutually mimetic. This idea was investigated through analysis of the temporal and spectral characteristics of the disturbance sounds of a variety of insects that stridulate by a file- and -scraper device. Properties of both the airborne sound and the underlying cuticular vibration (detected by a special vibration measuring instrument) were examined, and four characteristic features found: 1. The temporal pattern is simple. Bursts of toothstrike impulses are about 80 ms long, and are separated by pauses about 90 ms long. Bursts occur at a rate of about 5 to 10/s. 2. The temporal pattern is irregular. For toothstrike interval, burst duration, pause duration and interburst interval, the standard deviation is usually 〉30% of the mean. Much of the irregularity is presumably caused by the insect struggling at the same time it stridulates. Some insects show less variability, and these appear to lack tight coupling between stridulatory movements and struggling movements, so struggling does not interfere with stridulation. 3. The airborne sound pressure waveform is impulsive. The frequency coverage of the sounds is quite broad with an average 10-dB bandwidth of about 40 kHz centered at 25 kHz. The sounds are not intense, ranging from about 10 to 60 dB (re 20×10−6 Pa) at 10 cm. 4. The cuticular vibration waveform is sharply peaked and contains maximum energy at a frequency determined by the tooth-strike rate, usually about 1 kHz. The average decrease in power above this frequency is about 12 dB/octave. The maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of cuticular motion is about 1 to 10 μm. These common characteristics may lead predators to treat insects producing disturbance sounds similarly, although this possibility should be tested empirically. If acoustic mimicry exists, the communicatory interchange between predator and prey may be subtler than is commonly appreciated.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1989), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Bats ; Range discrimination ; Echo ; Filtering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) were tested for their ability to detect an electronically simulated target, and to discriminate differences in range to two simulated targets, when receiving either a model of their own sonar emissions or the model reversed in time as the ‘echo’. The theory of matched detection predicts a large decrease in performance if bats use matched filtering, unless they are somehow able to adjust their filter to match the novel, time-reversed signal. The detection thresholds we obtained were much lower than Møhl's (1986), but like him we found no difference in threshold for reversed models (Table 2). This suggests either that bats do not use matched filtering for target detection, or, possibly, that they are able to adapt their filter to a highly unnatural signal in some way as yet unknown. Unlike detection, range discrimination was much poorer with reversed echoes (Table 3). Threshold increased from about 1 cm range difference with normal model echoes to 18 cm or more with reversed model echoes. This suggests that range determination, which is based on measuring the time of arrival of echoes, does involve matched filtering. Whether such filtering is ‘ideal’ (i.e., equivalent to cross-correlation detection) cannot be decided by our results, but there are some indications that the match between an echo and the presumed internal template (the ‘match’ of matched filtering) must be fairly precise. Also, since performance with phantom targets generated using model echoes was as good as has been found with real targets, the internal template is probably fixed (or only slowly modifiable) rather than re-programmed with each sonar emission. Finally, because synchronization of emission and model echo was not perfect, the apparent distance to targets probably varied by 2 to 4 cm from emission to emission, although both targets would appear to move together thus keeping the range difference constant. This suggests that bats determined range to the targets simultaneously rather than sequentially, as is usually assumed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Formal aspects of computing 7 (1995), S. 581-585 
    ISSN: 1433-299X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 22 (1966), S. 673-674 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Résumé Les changements de tension artérielle dans l'artère linguale des Rats ont été mesurés après l'occlusion des artères carotidiennes et vertébrales. Les données obtenues nous font supposer que les artères vertébrales sont en grande partie responsables du maintient de la tension artérielle dans le cerveau.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Approximately 550 measurements of Mn/Ca ratios in three corals from the western Galapagos Islands have been performed to reconstruct a 380-year history of surface ocean variability with respect to this trace element. The time period studied encompasses 1600 A.D. to 1978. Manganese is inferred to be lattice-bound in coralline aragonite at 10–50% of its seawater proportion to calcium; uncertainty about the distribution coefficient stems from inherent variability of oceanic Mn in nearshore settings. Interannual variations at Urvina Bay, Isabela Island are generally small, with the exception of a few decades during the nineteenth century. A large positive Mn/Ca anomaly found between 1821–1830 is hypothesized to have resulted from a major volcanic eruption on nearby Fernandina Island in 1825. On intrannual timescales a pronounced cycle occurs in response to seasonal upwelling. Quarterly changes in Mn/Ca are six months out-of-phase with Cd/Ca variations-a reflection of the opposite distributions of these metals in the upper waters of the eastern Pacific. High frequency reconstructions over brief time intervals from the 17th, 18th, and 20th century reveal that the seasonal onset of warm and cool phases near Galapagos has persisted for at least 340 years. A quantitative assessment of historical changes in upwelling intensity is complicated by offsets in background Mn levels recorded by different corals. One apparent longterm feature is an overall decline in skeletal Mn concentrations from 1600–1978 which results in a net decrease of 20–30%. Several possible explanations exist for this trend, ranging from accumulation of a persistent diagenetic Mn phase in fossil aragonite to a temporal shift in oceanic/atmospheric Mn fluxes reaching the surface waters of the Galapagos Islands.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 43 (1995), S. 310-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Translational lacZ fusions to the promoters of the parasporal, crystal protein (binary toxin) and 100-kDa ADP-ribosylating mosquitocidal toxin genes of Bacillus sphaericus were prepared and expression of the toxin genes monitored as β-galactosidase activity. Transcription of the crystal protein gene fusion began immediately before the end of exponential growth and continued into stationary phase in both B. sphaericus and Bacillus subtilis but accompanied exponential-phase growth in Escherichia coli. Expression of this fusion was severley delayed in a B. subtilis spo0A mutant and decreased relative to the wild type in a B. subtilis spoIIAC background. β-Galactosidase activity from the 100-kDa toxin gene fusion was restricted to early exponential phase in B. sphaericus, but in B. subtilis it continued into late exponential phase. Expression was about eightfold lower in B. sphaericus than B. subtilis suggesting an element of negative control in the native host.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 43 (1995), S. 310-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Translational lacZ fusions to the promoters of the parasporal, crystal protein (binary toxin) and 100-kDa ADP-ribosylating mosquitocidal toxin genes of Bacillus sphaericus were prepared and expression of the toxin genes monitored as β-galactosidase activity. Transcription of the crystal protein gene fusion began immediately before the end of exponential growth and continued into stationary phase in both B. sphaericus and Bacillus subtilis but accompanied exponential-phase growth in Escherichia coli. Expression of this fusion was severely delayed in a B. subtilis spoOA mutant and decreased relative to the wild type in a B. subtilis spoIIAC background. β-Galactosidase activity from the 100-kDa toxin gene fusion was restricted to early exponential phase in B. sphaericus, but in B.subtilis it continued into late exponential phase. Expression was about eightfold lower in B. sphaericus than b. subtilis suggesting an element of negative control in the native host.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 1 (1973), S. 243-246 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent studies into the properties and biological function of the acidic (non-histone) chromatin proteins have utilized inorganic or organic acids to first remove the histones prior to analysis of the acidic proteins. Examination of the effects of the acid treatment on the DNA and acidic proteins by immunochemistry, circular dichroism, and the ability of the DNA to serve as a template in thein vitro DNA-dependent RNA synthesis, has demonstrated a marked structural change (denaturation) in the proteins and DNA after the acid treatment. Other methods of removing histones, e.g., by high salt or salt and urea, are recommended for studies, especially for those of the biological functions, of the DNA and acidic proteins.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical chemistry accounts 24 (1972), S. 78-88 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden folgende Meßergebnisse mitgeteilt; MCD, elektronische Absorption, Einfluß eines äußeren schweren Atoms sowie Kristallfelddaten für den Bereich niedriger Energie (2 E g, 2 T 1g, 4 T 2g) und den Bereich hoher Energie (2 T 2g, 4 T 1g) von Cr(dtp)3, Cr(dtc)3 und Cr(exan). Bei niedriger Energie sind die MCD-Intensitäten von 2 E(2 E g) und 2 E(2 T 1g) genau so groß, oder größer als „4 T 2g“, und die MCD-Technik bietet Vorteile gegenüber der elektronischen Absorptionsmethode. Die MCD-Werte von „2 E g“ und „2 T 1g“ sind für die genannten Moleküle etwa gleich (∼ 13 kK und ∼13,6 kK). 4 T 2g dieses Gebietes erscheint trigonal aufgespalten (∼ 500 cm−1) bei MCD von dtp, aber in einem geringeren Maß als im elektronischen Kristallspektrum von Lebedda und Palmer (∼ 600 cm−1) MCD löste solche Komponenten bei exan und dtc nicht auf. Der Bereich höherer Energie enthält 2 T 2g und 4 T 1g, und aus der Kombination von Daten der MCD-Methode sowie der elektronischen Absorption schlossen wir auf die Anordnung 2 A 1g(2 T 2g)〈2 E(2 T 2g)〈4 E(4 T 1g). Der möglicherweise nützliche Effekt eines äußeren schweren Atoms auf die in Lösung beobachteten elektronischen 2 E- und 4E-Banden von Cr(dtp)3 brachte bezüglich dieser Anordnung der E-Zustände nichts Neues. Weiterhin wird gefolgert, daß die Ordnung von 4 T 1g und 2 T 2g nicht aus O h-Kristallfeldberechnungen entschieden werden kann, da experimentelle Unsicherheiten bezüglich der Wahl von Schwerpunkten bestehen. Außerdem liegen „4 T 1g“ und „2 T 2g“ nahe zusammen, sodaß aus der Anordnung 2 E〈4 E nicht notwendig 2 T 2g〈4 T 1g folgt. Es kann jedoch gefolgert werden, daß das Verhältnis C/B≅4 nicht korrekt ist, während 7〈(C/B)〈8 konsistent mit den Daten aller drei Moleküle ist, da die B-parameter klein sind (∼0,4). Die Vokalisierung der O→O-Übergänge könnten C/B und Dq etwas erniedrigen.
    Notes: Abstract MCD, electronic absorption, external heavy atom, and crystal field data are presented for the low energy region (2 E g, 2 T 1g, 4 T 2g) and high energy region (2 T 2g, 4 T 1g) of Cr(dtp)3, Cr(dtc)3, and Cr(exan)3. At low energy, MCD intensities of 2 E(2 E g) and 2 E(2 T g) are as large or larger than “4 T 2g”, and the MCD technique is advantageous over electronic absorption in this respect. The MCD positions of “2 E g” and “2 T 1g” are nearly the same for these molecules (∼ 13 kK and ∼ 13.6 kK) · 4 T 2g of this region appears trigonally split (∼ 500 cm−1) in the MCD of dtp but to a smaller extent than in the electronic crystal spectrum of Lebedda and Palmer (∼ 600 cm−1). MCD did not resolve such components for exan and dtc. The higher energy region includes 2 T 2g and 4 T 1g, and the combined MCD and electronic absorption data of the three compounds taken together lead us to conclude the ordering 2 A 1(2 T 2g)〈2 E(2 T 2g)〈4 E(4 T 1g). The potentially useful external heavy atom affect on the solution-observed electronic 2 E and 4 E bands of Cr(dtp)3 did not shed additional light on this order of E states. Finally, it is concluded that the order of 4 T 1g and 2 T 2g cannot be decided from O h crystal field calculations because of experimental uncertainties about choosing centers of gravity. In addition, “4 T 1g” and “2 T 2g” are close together so that ordering 2 E〈4 E does not guarantee 2 T 2g〈4 T 1g. However, it can be concluded that the ratio C/B≅4 is not correct, whereas the larger 7〈(C/B)〈8 is consistent with the data of all three molecules because of small B parameters (∼ 0.4). Locating O→O transitions may somewhat decrease C/B and Dq.
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