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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transmission near-field scanning microscope for infrared chemical imaging (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 2795-2799 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report transmission infrared near-field scanning microscopy (IR-NSOM) imaging of chemically amplified photoresist polymers patterned by ultraviolet exposure. Chemical specificity was attained using infrared wavelengths tuned to the 3 μm OH stretch absorption band of the polymer, a band sensitive to the chemical changes characteristic of the lithographic photochemical process of this material. Contrast mechanisms are discussed together with the IR-NSOM specifics, such as the fabrication of an infrared near-field probe with high throughput, which lead to an attainable resolution of λ/10 and a transmission sensitivity of 1%. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371127
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fourier-transform microwave spectrum, structure, harmonic force field, and hyperfine constants of sulfur chloride fluoride, ClSF (1997)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 106 (1997), S. 10037-10047 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rotational spectrum of sulfur choride fluoride, ClSF, has been observed for the first time in the frequency range 8–26 GHz by means of a pulsed molecular jet Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. The unstable sample molecule has been prepared using a pulsed electrical discharge in jets containing a mixture of SF6 and SCl2 in Ne. Besides the parent species 35Cl32S19F, the isotopomers 37Cl32S19F and 35Cl34S19F could be observed in natural abundance. Rotational constants and quartic centrifugal distortion constants as well as nuclear quadrupole coupling constants due to 35Cl and 37Cl and spin–rotation constants due to 35Cl, 37Cl, and 19F are given. The data were used for the determination of r0, rΔP, rs structural parameters. Additionally, the new data were used for the refinement of the molecular harmonic force field. Results from those harmonic force field calculations were applied in the evaluation of the ground-state average structure, rz, and the estimation of the equilibrium structure, re. The rs structure is r(SF)=160.653(162) pm, r(SCl)=199.437(65) pm, and (angle)(ClSF)=100.732(81)°. The diagonal elements of the 35Cl/37Cl quadrupole coupling tensors have been obtained, and are interpreted in terms of the bonding at 35Cl/37Cl. Negative 19F spin–rotation constants suggest a close analogy of the electronic structures of ClSF and SF2. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.474061
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  • 3
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    Constraining the chronology of Pleistocene glaciations on Svalbard: Kapp Ekholm re-visited (2016)
    Wiley
    In: Boreas
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-26
    Description: The Kapp Ekholm site, in central Spitsbergen, shows alternating units of glaciomarine sandy silt and diamicton representing three glacial cycles and is key in reconstructing the Late Pleistocene glacial history of Svalbard. Part of the site is reinvestigated here by focusing on re-dating two units (B and F) interpreted as interglacial/interstadial glaciomarine deposits, in order to constrain the controversial chronology. A combination of Optical Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) on quartz, infrared stimulated luminescence with a 50 °C readout temperature (IRSL 50 ) and post infrared-infrared stimulated luminescence (pIR), both on feldspar, was applied. While Formation B was beyond the dateable range of OSL, IRSL 50 and pIR ages lead to the conclusion that this unit represents the Last Interglacial, Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e, and the underlying diamicton the MIS 6 glacial. Formation F yielded ages implying that the formation represents the MIS 5a interstadial and the underlying diamicton is interpreted to represent the MIS 5b stadial. This agrees with conclusions drawn concerning the Pleistocene glaciations elsewhere on Svalbard.
    Print ISSN: 0300-9483
    Electronic ISSN: 1502-3885
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 4
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    Luminescence dating of Middle Pleistocene proglacial deposits from northern Switzerland: methodological aspects and stratigraphical conclusions (2015)
    Wiley
    In: Boreas
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-15
    Description: Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was applied to proglacial deposits from the Klettgau Valley in northern Switzerland, which is understood to record several phases of glaciation prior to the Last Interglacial. The aim was to provide an independent chronology for the different sedimentary units to understand better the complex depositional history of the region. This time range requires care when assessing the reliability of the luminescence protocols applied. Equivalent doses for fine- and coarse-grain quartz remained below 300 Gy, while dose response curves for both fractions continued to display growth above 500 Gy. Dose recovery tests confirmed the ability of the single aliquot regenerative (SAR) protocol to recover laboratory doses of a similar size to burial doses, and isothermal decay measurements confirmed the stability of the quartz signal. Having passed rigorous testing criteria, quartz OSL ages of up to ∼200 ka were considered reliable but significantly underestimated expected ages and prompt a reconsideration of earlier interpretations of the stratigraphy for this site. Rather than representing three separate glaciations, quartz luminescence ages instead suggest that these deposits record up to four independent ice advances during Marine Isotope Stage 6. For both single grain and single aliquot feldspar dating, it was not possible to separate the conflicting influences of anomalous fading and partial bleaching. However, uncorrected feldspar central age model ages were found to be in reasonable agreement with quartz age estimates, and suggest that feldspar ages may still offer useful additional information in this region.
    Print ISSN: 0300-9483
    Electronic ISSN: 1502-3885
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 5
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    Late Pleistocene palaeolake in the interior of Oman: a potential key area for the dispersal of anatomically modern humans out-of-Africa? (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-03
    Description: Relict fluvial and lacustrine deposits in the interior of Oman near Saiwan consist of waterlain breccias with pebble imbrications and current ripples, covered by algal laminites containing calcified reeds and charcoal pieces. Geomorphological evidence suggests that the palaeolake covered a maximum surface of 1400 km 2 and had a maximum depth of about 25 m. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and thermally transferred OSL dating indicate that this palaeolake existed sometime between 132 and 104 ka. The rich archaeological evidence in the area suggests substantial human occupation, possibly at the time when Palaeolake Saiwan existed. Interestingly, the lithic traditions of the archaeological material show no clear relation to coeval findings from neighbouring areas, putting a question mark on the origin of the culture found at Saiwan. This finding raises questions concerning the origin of the population inhabiting Saiwan, as the site lies along one possible route for the dispersal of anatomically modern humans out-of-Africa. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0267-8179
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1417
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 6
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    Age of the Pomeranian ice-marginal position in northeastern Germany determined by Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of glaciofluvial sediments (2011)
    Wiley
    In: Boreas
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-12
    Description: Lüthgens, C., Böse, M. & Preusser, F. 2011: Age of the Pomeranian ice-marginal position in northeastern Germany determined by Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of glaciofluvial sediments. Boreas , 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2011.00211.x. ISSN 0300-9843 The Pomeranian ice margin is one of the most prominent ice-marginal features of the Weichselian glaciation in northern Europe. Previous results of surface-exposure dating (SED) of this ice margin disagree with established chronologies and ice retreat patterns, i.e. are much younger than previously expected. We crosscheck the age of the Pomeranian ice-marginal position in northeastern Germany using single-grain quartz Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of glaciofluvial sediments. OSL dating indicates an active ice margin between 20.1±1.6 ka and 19.4±2.4 ka forming outwash plains attributed to the Pomeranian ice-marginal position. On the basis of these results, we suggest a critical reassessment of previous SED data available for the Pomeranian ice-marginal position within their respective regional geomorphological contexts. From a process-based point of view, SED ages derived from glacigenic boulders document the stabilization of the landscape after melting of dead ice and landscape transformation under periglacial conditions rather than the presence of an ice margin. SED indicates a first phase of boulder stabilization at around 16.4±0.7 ka, followed by landscape stabilization within the area attributed to the recessional Gerswalder subphase around 15.2±0.5 ka. A final phase of accumulation of glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial sediments at around 14.7±1.0 ka documents the melting of buried dead ice at that time.
    Print ISSN: 0300-9483
    Electronic ISSN: 1502-3885
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 7
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    Retrieval of wintertime sea‐ice production in Arctic polynyas using thermal infrared and passive microwave remote sensing data (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract A precise knowledge of wintertime sea‐ice production in Arctic polynyas is not only required to enhance our understanding of atmosphere ‐sea‐ice‐ ocean interactions, but also to verify frequently utilized climate and ocean models. Here, a high‐resolution (2 km) MODIS thermal infrared satellite data set featuring spatial and temporal characteristics of 17 Arctic polynya regions for the winter seasons 2002/2003 to 2017/2018 is directly compared to an akin low‐resolution AMSR‐E passive microwave data set for 2002/2003 to 2010/2011. The MODIS data set is purely based on a 1D energy‐balance model, where thin‐ice thicknesses (≤ 20cm) are directly derived from ice‐surface temperature swath data and ERA‐Interim atmospheric reanalysis data on a quasi‐daily basis. Thin‐ice thicknesses in the AMSR‐E data set are derived empirically. Important polynya properties such as areal extent and potential thermodynamic ice production can be estimated from both pan‐Arctic data sets. Although independently derived, our results show that both data sets feature quite similar spatial and temporal variations of polynya area (POLA) and ice production (IP), which suggests a high reliability. The average POLA (average accumulated IP) for all Arctic polynyas combined derived from both MODIS and AMSR‐E are 1.99 x 105 km2 (1.34 x 103 km3) and 2.29 x 105 km2 (1.31 x 103 km3), respectively. Narrow polynyas in areas such as the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are notably better resolved by MODIS. Analysis of 16 winter‐seasons provides an evaluation of long‐term trends in POLA and IP, revealing the significant increase of ice formation in polynyas along the Siberian coast.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9275
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9291
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Repeated large-magnitude earthquakes in a tectonically active, low-strain continental interior: the northern Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-27
    Description: The northern Tien Shan of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan has been affected by a series of major earthquakes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. To assess the significance of such a pulse of strain release in a continental interior, it is important to analyze and quantify strain release over multiple time scales. We have undertaken paleoseismological investigations at two geomorphically distinct sites (Panfilovkoe and Rot Front) near the Kyrgyz capital Bishkek. Although located near the historic epicenters, both sites were not affected by these earthquakes. Trenching was accompanied by dating stratigraphy and offset surfaces using luminescence, radiocarbon, and 10 B e terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide methods. At Rot Front, trenching of a small scarp did not reveal evidence for surface rupture during the last five thousand years. The scarp rather resembles an extensive debris-flow lobe. At Panfilovkoe, we estimate a late Pleistocene minimum slip rate of 0.2 ± 0.1 mm/a, averaged over at least two, probably three earthquake cycles. Dip-slip reverse motion along segmented, moderately steep faults resulted in hanging-wall collapse scarps during different events. The most recent earthquake occurred around 3.6 ± 1.3 kyr ago (1 σ ), with dip-slip offsets between 1.2 and 1.4m. We calculate a probabilistic paleomagnitude to be between 6.7 and 7.2, which is in agreement with regional data from the Kyrgyz range. The morphotectonic signals in the northern Tien Shan are a prime example of deformation in a tectonically active intracontinental mountain belt and as such can help understand the longer-term co-evolution of topography and seismogenic processes in similar structural settings worldwide.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Re-evaluation of MIS 3 glaciation using cosmogenic radionuclide and single grain luminescence ages, Kanas Valley, Chinese Altai (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-10
    Description: ABSTRACT Previous investigations observed a period of major glacial advances in Central Asia during marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 3 (57–29 ka), out of phase with global ice volume records. We have re-examined the Kanas moraine complex in the Altai Mountains of Central Asia, where an MIS 3 glaciation had been previously inferred. New and consistent cosmogenic exposure and single-grain luminescence ages indicate that the Kanas complex was formed during MIS 2 (29–12 ka), which brings its timing in line with the global ice volume record. We also identified a lateral moraine from a more extensive ice extent that dates to late MIS 5/MIS 4. To place our results in a wider contextual framework, we review the chronologies of another 26 proposed major MIS 3 glacial advances in Central Asia. For most of these sites, we find that the chronological data do not provide an unequivocal case for MIS 3 glaciation.
    Print ISSN: 0267-8179
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1417
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 10
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    Late Pleistocene outburst floods from Issyk Kul, Kyrgyzstan? (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-14
    Description: ABSTRACT Elevated shorelines and lake sediments surrounding Issyk Kul, the world's second largest mountain lake, record fluctuating lake levels during Quaternary times. Together with bathymetric and geochemical data, these markers document alternating phases of lake closure and external drainage. The uppermost level of lake sediments requires a former damming of the lake's western outlet through the Boam gorge. We test previous hypothesised ice or landslide dam failures by exploring possible links between late Quaternary lake levels and outbursts. We review and recompile the chronology of reported changes in lake site, and offer new ages of abandoned shorelines using 14 C in bivalve and gastropod shells, and plant detritus, as well as sand lenses in delta and river sediments using Infrared Stimulated Luminescence. Our dates are consistent with elevated lake levels between ~45 ka and 22 ka. Cosmogenic 10 Be and 26 Al exposure ages of fan terraces containing erratic boulders (〉3 m) downstream of the gorge constrain the timing of floods to 20.5–18.5 ka, postdating a highstand of Issyk Kul. A flow-competence analysis gives a peak discharge of 〉10 4  m 3  s –1 for entraining and transporting these boulders. Palaeoflood modelling, however, shows that naturally dammed lakes unconnected to Issyk Kul could have produced such high discharges upon sudden emptying. Hence, although our data are consistent with hypotheses of catastrophic outburst floods, average lake-level changes of up to 90 mm yr –1 in the past 150 years were highly variable without any outbursts, so that linking lake-level drops to catastrophic dam breaks remains ambiguous using sedimentary archives alone. This constraint may readily apply to other Quaternary lakes of that size elsewhere. Nonetheless, our reconstructed Pleistocene floods are among the largest reported worldwide, and motivate further research into the palaeoflood hydrology of Central Asia. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0197-9337
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-9837
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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