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  • Articles  (2)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (1)
  • Wiley  (1)
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  • Articles  (2)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-01-24
    Description: The development of mechanochromic molecules has opened new pathways for the study of localized stress and failure in polymers. Their application as stress or temperature diagnostics, however, requires suitable measurement techniques capable of detecting the force- and temperature-sensitive chemical species with high spatial resolution. Confocal imaging techniques offer excellent spatial resolution but the energy input during these measurements can itself affect the activation state of the mechanochromic species. Here, we present a systematic study of the effects of laser-based imaging on the activation and fluorescence behavior of mechanochromic spiropyran (SP) integrated into poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) matrices using a confocal Raman microspectrometer. Localized stress and temperature activation were studied by means of high-rate compressive loading and dynamic fracture. Laser illumination of SP in PMA revealed a strong excitation wavelength- and power-dependence. Suitable correction functions were established and used to account for the observed laser effects. The presented study demonstrates that confocal imaging using conventional Raman spectrometers is a powerful characterization tool for localized stress analysis in mechanochromic polymers, offering quantifiable information on the activation state with high spatial resolution. However, laser-mechanophore interactions must be well understood and effects of laser excitation and exposure times must be taken into consideration when interpreting the obtained results.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2013-06-30
    Description: The Grubbs-Beck test [ Grubbs and Beck , 1972] is recommended by the federal guidelines for detection of low outliers in flood flow frequency computation in the United States [ IACWD , 1982]. This paper presents a generalization of the Grubbs-Beck test for normal data (similar to the Rosner [1983] test; see also Spencer and McCuen [1996] that can provide a consistent standard for identifying multiple potentially-influential low flows. In cases where low outliers have been identified, they can be represented as “less-than” values, and a frequency distribution can be developed using censored-data statistical techniques, such as the Expected Moments Algorithm [ Cohn et al ., 1997]. This approach can improve the fit of the right-hand tail of a frequency distribution and provide protection from lack-of-fit due to unimportant but potentially influential low flows (PILFs) in a flood series, thus making the flood frequency analysis procedure more robust.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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