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Analysis of origin of nonlinear gain in 1.5 μm semiconductor active layers by highly nondegenerate four-wave mixing (1994)

Kikuchi, K. ; Amano, M. ; Zah, C. E. ; [et al.]

Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 548-550

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ISSN: 1077-3118

Source: AIP Digital Archive

Topics: Physics

Notes: The origin of the nonlinear gain effect in 1.5 μm semiconductor active layers is investigated by using highly nondegenerate four-wave mixing, where the pump-probe detuning is extended up to 2 THz. From the signal intensity measured as a function of the detuning frequency we find that both the spectral hole burning and the dynamic carrier heating contribute to the four-wave mixing. The dynamic carrier heating, however, creates the index grating rather than the gain grating, and hence, the spectral hole burning is the main origin of the nonlinear gain effect.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.111099

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Post-release adaptation processes of hatchery-reared honmasu salmon parr (2000)

Munakata, A. ; Björnsson, B. Th. ; Jönsson, E. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of fish biology 56 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1095-8649

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Hatchery-reared honmasu salmon Oncorhynchus rhodurus × masou parr released into the Yanagisawa River, Tochigi Prefecture on 24 June 1996 increased significantly in length and weight by November, while siblings retained in hatchery tanks did not. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels of the released parr increased from 1 day after the release until 23 August, while the GH levels of the wild parr in the river did not increase. The released parr started to consume various natural prey organisms within a day after release. However, stomach fullness of the released parr was considerably lower than that of the wild parr during the first week following release. Trypsin activity in the released parr increased after 23 August, 2 months post-release. The results demonstrate that the released parr adapt to the natural river environment within weeks. Endocrine control by GH and exocrine pancreas activity appear to play important roles in the post-release adaptation processes.