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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 6754-6756 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Brillouin light-scattering experiments have been done at various angles of incidence, θ, for four specimens prepared by molecular-beam epitaxy. The specimens were single ultrathin films of Fe deposited on single-crystal Ag substrates. Dependence of magnon frequency on θ is easily resolvable in all specimens. We find that the magnitude of this dependence is in good agreement with a theoretical calculation that takes into account magnetic anisotropies, dipole-dipole, and exchange interactions. Our results imply that magnetic excitations in these specimens are correlated over distances of at least 5000 A(ring).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 4532-4534 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Gd-Y-Gd multilayers were prepared that show a magnetoresistance enhancement for an Y layer separation of 30 A(ring). This magnetoresistance enhancement is an interface effect and occurs in samples where some degree of antiferromagnetic coupling is present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 7370-7373 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Co-Re superlattices were prepared with nominal periodicities of 65–67 A(ring) and varying bilayer composition. The structural characterization was made by x-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). First, second, and third order satellites are observed in the x-ray diffractogram at 2θ values and with intensities close to those predicted by simulation. This confirms the coherence of the superlattice. RBS measurements combined with RUMP simulations give information on interface sharpness and the absolute thicknesses of the Co and Re layers. Discrepancies between the experimental and simulated diffractograms are found for Co thicknesses below 18 A(ring).
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Co-Re metallic superlattices were prepared that show antiferromagnetic exchange coupling and enhanced saturation magnetoresistance for particular values of the Re spacer thickness. We report studies on films with the structure glass /150 A(ring) Re/[13 A(ring)Co/tRe]16/50 A(ring) Re, with tRe ranging from 3 to 40 A(ring). These structures were grown by magnetron sputtering in a system with a base pressure of 1×10−7 Torr with deposition rates of 0.3 and 0.4 A(ring)/s for Co and Re, respectively. x-ray diffractograms indicate the structure to be highly textured with the c axis perpendicular to the sample plane. The superlattice structure was obtained from high-angle θ-2θ scans. First-, second-, and third-order satellites are observed on both sides of the central [002] peak. Periodicity and bilayer composition are obtained from comparison of the data with a theoretical calculation of the x-ray diffractogram. Thickness calibration was confirmed by Rutherford backscattering and profilometer data. In-plane magnetization and magnetoresistance data (Δρ/ρ) indicate that stronger antiferromagnetic coupling and highest Δρ/ρ occur for tRe≈6 A(ring). The saturation field (Hs) needed to align contiguous antiferromagnetically coupled Co layers is about 1 T. This corresponds to an exchange coupling between the Co layer J≈−1 erg/cm2. (Δρ/ρ) reaches 2% in samples deposited at 170 °C. This data confirms results obtained by Parkin et al.1 in Co-Ru and Co-Cr superlattices.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6187-6189 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Slonczewski recently proposed a model for the exchange coupling between ferromagnetic layers separated by a nonferromagnetic spacer based on the concept of "loose spins.'' "Loose spins'' contribute to the total exchange energy. We have studied the role of "loose spins'' in bcc Fe/Cu/Fe(001) structures. bcc Fe/Cu/Fe(001) trilayers deposited at room temperature were investigated extensively in our previous studies. In our "loose spin'' studies, the Fe was added inside the Cu interlayer. Several structures were atomically engineered in order to test the behavior of "loose spins:'' One additional atomic layer of an (Fe+Cu) alloy were located in appropriate positions in a Cu spacer. The bilinear and biquadratic exchange coupling in the above structures was quantitatively studied with FMR in the temperature range 77–370 K and with MOKE at RT.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6181-6183 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The exchange coupling between iron layers separated by 11 monolayers (ML) of Cr(001) has been investigated using a structure in which the Cr(001) was grown on a bulk iron whisker Fe(001) surface at a temperature of approximately 300 °C. This temperature was selected to produce near optimum smoothness of the Cr layer. The Cr(001) deposition was followed by the deposition of 20 ML of Fe(001) at room temperature, and by the deposition of a 20 ML Au(001) protective layer. The frequencies corresponding to the magnetic excitations in this structure were measured by means of Brillouin light scattering (BLS). One of the observed frequencies corresponds to a surface mode in the bulk iron whisker. Another observed frequency corresponds to the lowest lying precessional mode of the magnetization in the 20 ML thick Fe(001) thin film. Typically, the thin film frequency exhibits a dependence on applied magnetic field that displays two cusps. The positions of the cusps are dependent on the exchange coupling between the 20 ML Fe film and the bulk iron substrate. The surface mode frequency increases monotonically with increasing field over most of the field range investigated. However, at the field corresponding to the low field cusp in the thin film frequency, the surface mode frequency undergoes an abrupt jump in magnitude. We have used the position of the cusps in the thin film data to deduce values for the bilinear, J1, and biquadratic, J2, coupling terms, where the coupling energy is written in the form EAB=−J1 cos(Δφ)+J2 cos2(Δφ); Δφ is the angle between the thin film and bulk iron magnetizations. Measurements of J1 and J2 have been carried out at six temperatures that span the range 100–350 K. Both J1 and J2 are found to depend strongly on temperature. The data are well described by the quadratic expression J2=−0.54+1.46 ×||J1||−0.52×J12, where J1 and J2 are expressed in erg/cm2. The large nonzero intercept and the linear term probably imply a significant intrinsic contribution to the biquadratic exchange.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Brillouin light scattering experiments have been used to investigate the intensity of 5145 Å laser light backscattered from spin waves in 20 monolayer thick Fe(001) films. The experiments have shown that the ratio of frequency upshifted light intensity to frequency downshifted light intensity depends upon the material of the substrate used to support the iron films. For a fixed magnetic field and for a fixed angle of incidence of the laser light this intensity ratio is much larger for an iron film deposited on a sulphur passivated GaAs(001) substrate than for an iron film deposited on a Ag(001) substrate. The data have been compared with a calculation that takes into account multiple scattering of the optical waves in the iron film and in a protective gold overlayer. The observations are in qualitative agreement with the theory, except for angles of incidence greater than 60°. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-10-31
    Description: Background: Despite the growing number of studies concerning quality of care for older people, there is a lack of studies depicting factors associated with good quality of care from the formal caregivers’ perspective. The aim was to describe formal caregivers’ perceptions of quality of care for older people in the community and explore factors associated with these perceptions. In total, 70 nursing assistants, 163 enrolled nurses and 198 registered nurses from 14 communities in central Sweden participated in the study. They filled out the following questionnaires: a modified version of Quality from the Patient’s Perspective, Creative Climate Questionnaire, Stress of Conscience Questionnaire, items regarding education and competence, Health Index and Sense of coherence questionnaire. The overall response rate was 57 % (n = 431). Results: In the perceived reality of quality of care respondents assessed the highest mean value in the dimension medical-technical competence and physical technical conditions and lower values in the dimensions; identity-oriented approach, socio-cultural atmosphere and in the context specific dimension. The caregivers estimated their competence and health rather high, had lower average values in sense of coherence and organizational climate and low values in stress of conscience. Conclusions: The PR of quality of care were estimated higher among NA/ENs compared to RNs. Occupation, organizational climate and stress of conscience were factors associated with quality of care that explained 42 % of the variance. Competence, general health and sense of coherence were not significantly associated to quality of care. The mentioned factors explaining quality of care might be intertwined and showed that formal caregivers’ working conditions are of great importance for quality of care.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0500
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by BioMed Central
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-10-30
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0500
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by BioMed Central
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2009-12-01
    Description: Background Eye and hair colour is highly variable in the European population, and is largely genetically determined. Both linkage and association studies have previously been used to identify candidate genes underlying this variation. Many of the genes found were previously known as underlying mutant mouse phenotypes or human genetic disease, but others, previously unsuspected as pigmentation genes, have also been discovered. Results We assayed the hair of a population of individuals of Scottish origin using tristimulus colorimetry, in order to produce a quantitative measure of hair colour. Cluster analysis of this data defined two groups, with overlapping borders, which corresponded to visually assessed dark versus red/light hair colour. The Danish population was assigned into categorical hair colour groups. Both cohorts were also assessed for eye colour. DNA from the Scottish group was genotyped at SNPs in 33 candidate genes, using 384 SNPs identified by HapMap as representatives of each gene. Associations found between SNPs and colorimetric hair data and eye colour categories were replicated in a cohort of the Danish population. The Danish population was also genotyped with SNPs in 4 previously described pigmentation genes. We found replicable associations of hair colour with the KITLG and OCA2 genes. MC1R variation correlated, as expected, with the red dimension of colorimetric hair colour in Scots. The Danish analysis excluded those with red hair, and no associations were found with MC1R in this group, emphasising that MC1R regulates the colour rather than the intensity of pigmentation. A previously unreported association with the HPS3 gene was seen in the Scottish population. However, although this replicated in the smaller cohort of the Danish population, no association was seen when the whole study population was analysed. Conclusions We have found novel associations with SNPs in known pigmentation genes and colorimetrically assessed hair colour in a Scottish and a Danish population.
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-2156
    Topics: Biology
    Published by BioMed Central
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