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  • Chemistry  (12)
  • crystallite  (1)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (13)
  • American Institute of Physics
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (13)
  • American Institute of Physics
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tensile stress relaxation behavior of a mechanical mixture of two polymer componentsPresented before the 13th Annual Symposium on Rheology, Japan, Okayama Univ., Okayama, Oct. 3, 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2261-2272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As one in a series of studies relating the rheological properties of mechanical mixtures of two polymer components to the degree of mixing, the temperature dependence of tensile stress relaxation behavior of two types of mixed systems, i.e., poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(vinyl acetate) system and lightly crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate-poly(vinyl acetate)) system, was investigated over a temperature range covering the glass transition temperatures of both polymer components. The time-temperature superposition procedure was carried out for comparison of several parameters, such as fractional free volume and its thermal expansion coefficient, which were determined on the basis of the free volume concept from the viscosity in relation to the William-Landel-Ferry equation, with those of the individual polymer components. Although the fractional free volume and its thermal expansion coefficient thus determined for the mixed systems were apparent values, the results may, at least qualitatively, deny the simple additivity of the free volumes of the two-polymer mixed phases and suggest the existence of a sort of physical interaction between the phases, i.e., the internal pressure induced by one phase or the other due to a difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the phases.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090618
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of tensile stress relaxation behavior of graft copolymer of poly(vinyl acetate) with styrene and mechanical mixture of poly(vinyl acetate) with polystyrenePresented before the 14th Annual Symposium on Rheology, Japan, Tohoku University, Sendai, Oct. 29, 1965. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1499-1517 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As one in a series of studies relating the rheological behavior of mechanical mixtures of two polymer components to the degree of mixing, the tensile stress relaxation behavior of a graft copolymer of poly(vinyl acetate) with styrene, obtained by 60Co γ-irradiation of poly(vinyl acetate) in styrene solution and extraction of homopolymers, was investigated as a function of the fraction of styrene component and compared with that of a mechanical mixture of poly(vinyl acetate) with polystyrene, one of the typical combinations of incompatible components. The results obtained may classify the graft copolymer as a sort of mechanical mixture giving stable mixing even for incompatible components.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070101009
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties and structure of polymeric alloys (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Because of the generally immiscible nature of polymers, multicomponent polymers or polymeric alloys often exhibit microphase separation. The morphologies of these heterogeneous materials are determined not only by the composition of the system, but also by the processing conditions. The resulting microstructures exert a profound influence on the properties of the polymeric alloys. The purpose of this review is to discuss the more recent advances in the investigation of the relation between the structure of the polymeric alloys and their properties. An understanding of this relationship would be important in being able to tailor make better materials and exploit the unique properties of these materials for engineering applications.
    Additional Material: 37 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240102
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion of low molecular weight substances into a laminar film. I: Rigorous solution of the diffusion equation in a composite film of multiple layers (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 709-721 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A rigorous solution of the diffusion of penetrant into a laminar film comprised of multilayers of m components is presented by an orthogonal-expansion method. As the simplest practical cases of m - 2 and m - 3, with stepwise distribution of both diffusion coefficients and solubility coefficients at the boundary between respective layers, the diffusion properties in the transient state are analyzed in detail. That is, changes in the penetrant concentration distribution within the laminar film and the total amount of penetrant sorbed within the film both with time after exposing the film to an atmosphere of fixed penetrant concentration are calculated for A-B as well as A-B-A type layer arrangements. The calculation is performed while keeping (L2/L1) at a constant value of 2.0 but varying the diffusion coefficient ratio of (D1/D2) from 102 to 10-2, and/or varying the solubility coefficient ratio of (S1/S2) from 1 to 10, where L1 and (L2 - L1) are the thickness D1 and D2 are the diffusion coefficients of penetrant, and S1 and S2 are the solubility coefficients in the A-component and B-component, respectively. The sorption curves deviate considerably from those of Fickian curves of homogeneous film with (D1/D2) - 1 in their respective ways. The results obtained here can be applied to the diffusion in a single component polymer film having a surface layer with different diffusion properties from that of the inner side of the film caused by differing distributions in molecular orientation or degrees of crystallinity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760350811
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion of low molecular weight substances into a fiber with skin-core structure - rigorous solution of the diffusion in a coaxial cylinder of multiple components (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 330-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion equation of low molecular weight substances (penetrant) into a coaxial cylinder of multiple components (m) was formulated in general and solved rigorously. As the simplest but a practical case of m = 2, which corresponds to the diffusion of penetrant into fibrous material with skin and core structure, the diffusion of penetrant was analyzed in detail. That is, changes in the penetrant concentration distribution within the coaxial dual cylinder of skin and core components and the total amount of penetrant sorbed within the cylinder both with time after exposing the cylinder to atmosphere of fixed penetrant concentration of Cout were calculated with variation of the diffusion coefficient ratio (D1/D2) and the radius ratio (R2/R1), where D1 and D2 are the diffusion coefficients of penetrant in the core and the skin, and R2 and R1 are the radii of the fibrous material and the core, respectively. Keeping (R2/R1) at a constant value of 1.2 but varying (D1/D2) from 104 to 10-2, the penetrant concentration distribution was calculated and found to be much different particularly within the core between (D1/D2) 〉 1 and (D1/D2) 〈 1. The sorption curves were also found to deviate in their respective ways from that of Fickian curve of a homogeneous cylinder with (D1/D2) = 1 except at initial stage of sorption. Further, by keeping (D1/D2) constant but varying (R2/R1) from 1.1 to 1.5, the effects of relative skin thickness upon the sorption curve were studied.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760340415
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Moisture sorption mechanism of aromatic polyamide fibers. V: Growth of crystallites in as-spun wet poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber during dehydration (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1423-1432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: crystallite ; Kevlar ; moisture sorption ; poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) ; wide-angle x-ray diffraction ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Wide-angle x-ray diffraction studies were performed for as-spun wet poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber. The effects of sorbed water on the equatorial diffractions from the (110) and (200) crystal planes and on the meridional diffractions from the (002), (004), and (006) crystal planes were analyzed during desorption and absorption. There was no significant change in the d-spacing from the respective crystal plane irrespective of the moisture (water) regain. The ratio of the diffracted intensity from the (110) diffraction to that from the (200) diffraction remarkably increased by removing the sorbed water. The crystallite size estimated from the (110) diffraction, L110, also increased as the moisture regain decreased, while the L200 did not increase. The longitudinal size of paracrystallite, D001, also remarkably increased with the decrease in moisture regain with the lattice distortion factor, gII, kept unchanged. These results strongly suggested the growth of the crystallite via hydrogen bonds in the lateral (b-axis) direction. The growth of the lateral size of crystallite also accompanied the longitudinal growth of crystallite during desorption. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1423-1432, 1997
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic X-ray diffraction studies of spherulitic poly-alpha-olefins in relation to the assignments of alpha and beta mechanical dispersions (1984)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic tensile deformation mechanism of spherulitic poly-alpha-olefins, high-density polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, and isotactic polybutene-1, was investigated by dynamic X-ray diffraction at various temperatures and frequencies in order to assign the α and β mechanical dispersions explicitly. The uniaxial orientation distribution function qj(ζj, 0) of the j-th crystal plane and its dynamic response Δqj′(ζj, 0) in-phase with dynamic strain were observed for several crystal planes, and then the orientation distribution function ω(§, 0, η) of crystallites (crystal grains) and its dynamic response Δω′(§, 0, η), also in-phase with the dynamic strain, were determined by a mathematical transformation procedure proposed by Roe and Krigbaum on the basis of the Legendre addition theorem. The temperature and frequency dependences of Δω′(§, 0, η) were analyzed in terms of a spherulite deformation model combining affine orientation of crystal lamellae with several types of preferential reorientation of the crystal grains within the orienting lamellae. The following assignments are made: (1) the a mechanical dispersion must be assigned to the dynamic orientation dispersions of crystal grains within lamellae involving two types of preferential rotations of the grains associated with lamellar detwisting mostly in the equatorial zone of uniaxially deformed spherulites and with lamellar tilting mostly in the polar zone of the spherulites. Both processes are intralamellar grain-boundary phenomena, and the former process of lamellar detwisting is hardly activated for polypropylene and polybutene-1 spherulites in contrast to polyethylene spherulites. (2) The β mechanical dispersion must be assigned to the dynamic orientation dispersion of the crystal lamellae behaving as rigid bodies unaccompanied by reorientation of crystal grains within the orienting lamellae. This process is an interlamellar grain-boundary phenomenon.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760240511
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheo-optical studies on the deformation mechanism of semicrystalline polymers. VIII. Dynamic x-ray diffraction of a high-density polyethylene film having row-structure of C-axis orientationPresented in part at the ACS San Francisco Meeting, August, 1976, and in part at the 26th IUPAC Congress, Tokyo, September, 1977. (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 929-939 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic x-ray diffraction is employed to scrutinize the structural origin of the α mechanical dispersion of a highdensity polyethylene having preferentially oriented rownucleated cylindritic texture around the machine direction (MD). Results indicate that the α1 dispersion is associated with two kinds of orientation processes of crystallites: (1) the orientation process involving the rotation of crystallites around the crystal b-axis (lamellar axis) dominates in the MD specimen; (2) the other process accompanying the rotation of crystallites or lamellar segments around their crystal a-axis dominates in the TD (transverse direction) specimen. The complex apparent crystal lattice compliances show no frequency dependence in the real component and no appreciable value in the imaginary component, indicating that the α1 process is definitely associated with the intercrystalline process, but not relavent to the intracrystal process. However, at elevated temperatures, the complex lattice compliances exhibit a remarkable frequency dependence, suggesting that the α2 dispersion concomitant to intracrystalline nature takes place in this time scale. The α2 dispersion was found to be more pronounced upon stretching along the lamellar axis (TD) than normal to it (MD).
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191309
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalized model representation relating the degree of mixing to the rheological behavior of a mechanical mixture of two polymer componentsPresented before the 145th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Organic Coating and Plastics Chemistry, New York City, September 8, 1963; a part of M.S. thesis of Y. Ogawa, presented to the Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, March 15, 1963. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2147-2161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: On assuming that the two polymer components are poorly compatible or incompatible and from semimicro heterogeneous systems composed of homogeneous phases of each component, two kinds of generalized models which relate the degree of mixing of the two phases to the mechanical behavior of the systems were proposed. In this phenomenological theory, the chemical interaction between the two polymer components was negelcted, and the stress or strain distribution along the boundaries between the two phases was much simplified. This might give serious error when the mixed phases become small and the surface effect, instead of volume effect, becomes significant. The mechanical mixtures can be classified by the manner of mixing of the two phases of A and B components as follows: A islands in B matrix, B islands in A matrix, A matrix-B matrix, and A islands-B islands mixing. The mechanical properties of the mixed systems are affected not only by those of each component and their volume fraction in bulk, but strongly by the manner of mixing. The terminology used here, as the degree of mixing, is one of the representations of the manner of mixing in terms of distribution function of partial volume fractions of each component in the mixed system.The analysis of some mixed systems of two polymer components gave the following results. The mixed systems cast from acetone solution of poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(methyl methacrylate) give mechanical mixtures of the islands-in-matrix type mixing. A phase conversion from PMMA islands in PVAc matrix to PVAc islands in PMMA matrix occurs at about 70% volume fraction of PMMA due to the hexagonal close packing of PMMA islands in PVAc matrix with increase of volume fraction of PMMA On the other hand, the systems cast from mixtures of acetone solution of PVAc and lightly crosslinked PMMA fine particles give mechanical mixtures of the matrix-matrix type mixing. The mixed systems of polystyrene and 30/70 butadiene-styrene copolymer, which have been classified by Tobolsky as polyblends, might also be a type of mechanical mixture classifiable as matrix-matrix mixing. However, the manner of mixing should be much modified by the chemical interaction between the two components.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080515
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic texture of A-B type block copolymers of isoprene with styrene (1968)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 6 (1968), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1968.110060115
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