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  • Articles  (48)
  • Springer  (47)
  • Cambridge University Press  (1)
  • American Institute of Physics
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  • National Academy of Sciences
  • Geography  (48)
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  • Articles  (48)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes of body fluid and hematology in toad and their rehabilitation following intermittent exposure to simulated high altitude (1986)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 30 (1986), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three groups of adult male toads were exposed intermittently in a decompression chamber for a daily period of 4 and 8 hours at a time for 6 consecutive days to an “altitude” of 12,000; 18,000 and 24,000 feet (3658; 5486; 7315 m) respectively. Most of the exposed animals were sacrificed immediately after the last exposure, but only a few animals experiencing 8 hours of exposure were sacrificed after a further 16 hours of exposure at normal atmospheric pressure. Eight hours of daily exposure for 6 days causes a decrease of body fluids and an increase of hematological parameters in all the altitude exposed animals compared with to the changes noted in the animals having 4 hours of daily exposure for 6 days at the same altitude levels. The animals that were exposed to pressures equivalent to altitudes of 12,000 and 18,000 feet daily for 8 hours were found to return nearly to their normal body fluids and hematological balance after 16 hours of exposure to normal atmospheric pressure, whereas the animals exposed for a similar period at an equivalent 24,000 feet failed to get back their normal balance of body fluids and hematology after 16 hours of exposure at normal atmospheric pressure. The present experiment shows that the body weight loss and changes of body fluid and hematological parameters in the toad after exposure to simulated high altitude are due not only to dehydration, but suggest that hypoxia may also have a role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189461
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on some biochemical aspects in the toad after 48 hours of exposure to simulated high altitude (1983)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 27 (1983), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Blood glucose, tissue carbohydrate, total plasma and tissue protein and plasma electrolyte concentrations were estimated in male toads, exposed to simulated high altitude of 12,000, 18,000 and 24,000 feet respectively for 48 hours of continuous exposure in a decompression chamber. Blood glucose and muscle carbohydrate were decreased significantly in animals exposed to 18,000 and 24,000 feet altitude, without having any change in the liver carbohydrate. Muscle carbohydrate was also decreased in 12,000 feet altitude exposed animals. Plasma protein content was increased significantly in 18,000 and 24,000 feet altitude exposed animals, whereas no such change was noted in tissue protein content. A slight increase of plasma sodium concentration was found in animals exposed to 24,000 feet, and a decrease of potassium concentration was also noted in 18,000 and 24,000 feet exposed animals. Magnesium concentration of the plasma was increased in 18,000 and 24,000 feet exposed animals. This animal had also shown an eosinopenia, lymphopenia and neutrophilia when exposed at 24,000 feet high altitude.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185744
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on organ weights in naproxen treated rats after intermittent exposure to simulated high altitude (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 34 (1990), S. 90-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Rats ; Naproxen ; Hypoxia ; Organ weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rats were exposed intermittently for 8h per day over 6 days at simulated high altitude of 20 000 feet. One group of altitude-exposed animals was treated with naproxen, a prostaglandin inhibiting drug. Significant reduction in body weight gain was observed in both altitude-exposed and drug-treated altitude-exposed animals compared to the control group. Right and left ventricular weights and weights of the adrenal glands were increased significantly in altitude-exposed and altitude-exposed drug-treated animals. The weight of the spleen was increased significantly in altitude-exposed animals whereas no such increase of splenic weight was observed in drug-treated altitude-exposed group of animals. On the other hand, the weight of the liver was decreased significantly in both cases. In drug-treated altitude-exposed animals, the unaltered splenic weight was thought to be due to inhibition of the erythropoietic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01093453
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue weights and adaptation response of the toad after 96 hours of exposure to simulated high altitude — A body fluid and hematological study (1985)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 29 (1985), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Adult male toads were exposed to simulated high altitude of 24,000 feet for 96 hrs of continuous exposure in a decompression chamber. The animals were sacrificed immediately after the exposure period. Significant increase of the weight of the ventricle and spleen is observed in altitude exposed animals. Red blood cell, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit ratio and red cell mass are significantly increased in high altitude exposed animals in comparison to control. MCV (mean corpuscular volume) and MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) are decreased in altitude exposed group. Plasma volume, blood volume, extracellular fluid volume, intracellular fluid volume and total body water are decreased significantly after altitude exposure for 96 hrs. These physiological changes are thought to be due to dehydration of this animal at simulated high altitude and it is highly affected after 96 hrs of exposure as evidenced by the significant reduction of total body water and intracellular fluid volume.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189209
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water for sustainable development in the 21st century: a global perspective (1991)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 24 (1991), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Many arid and semi-arid countries are feeling water crisis already at present, and the problem will become more serious in the 21st century. Global water consumption will increase, 10-fold during this century, and the increasing trend will continue well into the 21st century. This Presidential Address to the International Water Reserves Association discusses the reasons for the water crisis, and the major water issues of the 21st century. Among those issues are water conservation and efficient use of water, water pricing and cost recovery, social and environmental considerations, institutional responses to better management, management of international water bodies and proper analytical frameworks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00578255
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    7th World Congress on water resources Rabat, Morocco, 13–18 May, 1991 (1991)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 25 (1991), S. 118-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00179779
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ancient urban water supply systems (1985)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 11 (1985), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Water supply systems were important components of early urban settlements. Because of frequent invasions, much thought was given to develop an enemy proof and reliable water supply system for a city. Sinnõrs, or water tunnels, were used in Palestine prior to 1200 BC. Qanãts were used in many areas for ground water utilization. A qanãt is an artificial underground channel which carried water over long distances, either from spring or from a water-bearing strata for irrigation and domestic consumption. Qanãts were probably used in Armenia, from where they rapidly spread to many Middle East countries. Fairly detailed information is available on urban water supply systems during the time of the Roman Civilization, a period which extended from about 100 BC to 200 AD, from the writings of Vitruvius and especially Frontinus, who was the curator aquarum of Rome. Frontinus made a state-of-the-art review of urban water supply systems, which is now the primary source of information on technology and practice prevalent at that time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186334
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water for food production in Sub-Saharan Africa (1987)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 15 (1987), S. 233-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Water control is an essential requirement if food and energy crises in Africa are to be resolved on a sustainable basis. The paper reviews the problems and prospects associated with the expansion of irrigation in Africa, where experiences with large and medium scale water management have been of comparatively recent origin. The present status of water development and management issues are approached carefully and cautiously, they can make an important and lasting contribution to the resolution of Africa's food crisis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213451
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1982)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 4 (1982), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186708
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water development in developing countries: Problems and prospects (1979)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 3 (1979), S. 445-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Important as water is to man's manifold activities, a significant percentage of mankind still do not have access to clean water for drinking and personal hygiene. According to a WHO survey of facilities available in developing countries to the end of 1975, 75 % of urban population and 20 % of rural population have access to potable water. Studies carried out by the UN system estimate that investment necessary to provide clean water and sanitation by 1990 to both rural and urban areas is on the order of $ 132,940 million in constant 1977 dollors. Furthermore, provision of clean water alone is unlikely to eliminate all water-borne diseases, since it is only one of several complex factors affecting human health. The situation in developing countries on water requirements for agriculture, industry and generation of hydroelectric power also requires attention because of large amounts of water involved. Effectiveness and efficiency of the supply and distribution systems must be given top priority. There is a considerable potential for improving the efficiency of water use in virtually every developing country and in every sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00455983
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