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  • Chemical Engineering  (3)
  • 85.30  (1)
  • Coercive force  (1)
  • biological control  (1)
  • Springer  (3)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (3)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Oxford University Press
Collection
Keywords
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  • Springer  (3)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (3)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Oxford University Press
Years
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rayleigh curve and coercive force of thin MnBi films (1973)
    Springer
    Applied physics 2 (1973), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: Thin MnBi films ; Coercive force ; Rayleigh curve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Statistical Rayleigh-curve theory is applied to thin evaporated MnBi films in order to obtain information concerning the density of wall pinning centra. The treatment results in a prediction of the coercive forceH c and the average distance between adjacent wall pinning centra, 2L 0. The coercive forceH cis also measured experimentally. The results of the two methods are in good agreement with each other. The influence of dislocations on the coercive force is discussed briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00883975
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory and practice of image formation by the photoprojection method of submicron patterns (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 279-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical projection of masks is a very troublesome task if dimensions are in the submicron range. It is difficult to get an undistorted image in the resist. This problem can be overcome by introducing corrections in the penultimate mask. Till now this has been done by a trial and error method in which an acceptable pattern is made only after a time consuming iterative process. In this paper a description will be given of the image forming process in which diffraction at the penultimate mask and at the aperture of the lens are the critical features. Based upon this theory correction formulas are derived for the direct design of penultimate masks. Rules for maximum edge sharpness are given, so that the tolerance demands on the production process can be relaxed. Extensive experimental measurements are in good agreement with theory. It will be shown theoretically as well as practically that by asymmetrical arrangement of the optical system images of gratings with 0.2–0.3 μm linewidth can be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885123
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Startup of an industrial adiabatic tubular reactor (1992)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 38 (1992), S. 1871-1880 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic behaviour of an adiabatic tubular plant reactor during the startup is demonstrated, together with the impact of a feed-pump failure of one of the reactants. A dynamic model of the reactor system is presented, and the system response is calculated as a function of experimentally-determined, time-dependent, manipulated variables. The values of model parameters are estimated by using the SimuSolv (1991) computer program. The data set collected during the reactor start-up is used for the parameter estimation procedure. An excellent agreement is obtained between the experimental and the calculated system response. Many continuously-operated commercial reactors require a complete conversion of one of the main reactants at the reactor exit. It is shown that for an industrial tubular reactor a much higher initial reactor temperature is required during the startup, compared to the reactor inlet temperature during normal steady-state operation, to ensure a complete reactant conversion. Much more research is necessary to determine whether this is a generally valid rule.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690381204
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Startup strategy design and safeguarding of industrial adiabatic tubular reactor systems (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 503-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The safeguarding methodology of chemical plants is usually based on controlling the instantaneous values of process state variables within a certain operating window, the process being brought to shutdown when operating constraints are exceeded. This method does not necessarily prevent chemical reactors suffering from a runaway during dynamic operations because (a) excessive amounts of unreacted chemicals can still accumulate in the process, and (b) no means are provided to the operating personnel to identify hazardous process deviations. A model-based startup and safeguarding procedure is developed for an industrial adiabatic tubular reactor to improve process safety during startup. The trajectories of manipulated variables are calculated by minimizing the amount of one of the main reactants in the reactor effuent. It is concluded that proper control of the initial reactor temperature profile is critical for a safe startup while the impact of other manipulated variables is relatively smaller than that of the initial reactor temperature profile.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420219
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactor operating procedures for startup of continuously-operated chemical plants (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 148-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rules are presented for the startup of an adiabatic tubular reactor, based on a qualitative analysis of the dynamic behavior of continuously-operated vapor- and liquid-phase processes. The relationships between the process dynamics, operating criteria, and operating constraints are investigated, since a reactor startup cannot be isolated from an entire plant startup. Composition control of the process material is critical to speed up plant startup operations and to minimize the amount of offgrade materials. The initial reactor conditions are normally critical for a successful startup. For process conditioning, a plant should have an operating mode at which the reactor can be included in a recycle loop together with its feed system and downstream process section. Experimental data of an adiabatic tubular reactor startup and thermal runaway demonstrate some operational problems when such an intermediate operating stage is missing. The derived rules are applied to an industrial, highly heat-integrated reactor section, and the resulting startup strategy is summarized in an elementary-step diagram.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410114
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acceptance of eggs ofRivula atimeta, Naranga aenescens [Lep.: Noctuidae] andHydrellia philippina [Dipt.: Ephydridae] by insect predators on rice (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: rice ; predation ; biological control ; predator effectiveness ; riz ; prédation ; lutte biologique ; efficacité prédatrice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Huit insectes prédateurs communs dans l'écosystème du riz aux Philippines ont été comparés au laboratoire pour leur capacité à se nourrir sur les œufs de la chenilleRivula atimeta Swinhoe. Une échelle basée sur les taux de prédation a été établie:Metioche vittaticollis (Stal) (Gryllidae) était le prédateur le plus vorace suivi parAnaxipha longipennis (Serville)(Gryllidae), Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel)(Carabidae), Micraspis nr.crocea (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae) etConocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Tettigonidae). Le petit Miride,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, se nourrissait aussi facilement sur les œufs.Paederus fuscipes (Curtis) (Staphilinidae) etCoccinella repanda (Thunberg) (Coccinellidae) se nourrissait dans une mesure très limitée.Metioche vittaticollis etCyrtorhinus lividipennis ont été aussi testés vis-à-vis des œufs de la NoctuelleNaranga aenescens Moore et de la Mineuse du Riz,Hydrellia philippina Ferino. Le taux de prédation deM. vitaticollis était identique sur les trois proies, maisC. lividipennis manifestait un taux de prédation plus élevé sur les œufs deN. aenescens. Dans les cages de plein air, de 1,6 m2, on permettait à différentes densités deM. vittaticollis et d'O. nigrofasciata de se nourrir sur des œufs deR. atimeta exposés durant deux jours.Metioche vittaticollis consommait 13 et 26 œufs aux densités respectives de 1 et 2 prédateurs par cage, mais la prédation n'était pas beaucoup plus élevée à la densité de 8. La prédation due àO. nigrofasciata n'était pas significative.
    Notes: Abstract Eight insect predators common in the rice ecosystem in the Philippines were compared in the laboratory on their ability as to feed on the eggs of green hairy caterpillar,Rivula atimeta Swinhoe. A ranking, based on feeding rates was made:Metioche vittaticollis (Stål) (Gryllidae) was the most voracious predator, followed byAnaxipha longipennis (Serville)(Gryllidae), Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel)(Carabidae), Micraspis nr.crocea (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae) andConocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Tettigoniidae). Also the smallCyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Miridae), readily fed upon the eggs.Paederus fuscipes Curtis (Staphilinidae) andCoccinella repanda (Thunberg) (Coccinellidae) fed to a very limited extent.Metioche vittaticollis andCyrtorhinus lividipennis were also tested on eggs of green semilooper,Naranga aenescens Moore, and rice whorl maggot,Hydrellia philippina Ferino. The feeding rate ofM. vittaticollis was similar on the 3 different preys, butC. lividipennis had a higher feeding rate onN. aenescens eggs. In 1.6 m2 field cages, different densities ofM. vittaticollis andO. nigrofasciata were allowed to feed on exposedR. atimeta eggs during 2 days.Metioche vittaticollis consumed 13 and 26 eggs at predator densities of 1 and 2 per cage respectively, but was not much higher at density 8. Predation byO. nigrofasciata was not significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372970
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