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  • Thermoregulation  (4)
  • Host plant resistance  (3)
  • Sieve tube  (3)
  • Springer  (10)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (10)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
Years
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microautoradiographic studies of phloem loading and transport in the leaf of Zea mays L. (1983)
    Springer
    Planta 159 (1983), S. 193-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Assimilate transport ; Leaf (14C transport) ; Phloem loading ; Sieve tube ; Vascular bundle ; Zea (14C transport)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microautoradiographs showed that [14C]sucrose taken up in the xylem of small and intermediate (longitudinal) vascular bundles of Zea mays leaf strips was quickly accumulated by vascular parenchyma cells abutting the vessels. The first sieve tubes to exhibit 14C-labeling during the [14C]sucrose experiments were thick-walled sieve tubes contiguous to the more heavily labeled vascular parenchyma cells. (These two cell types typically have numerous plasmodesmatal connections.) With increasing [14C]sucrose feeding periods, greater proportions of thick- and thin-walled sieve tubes became labeled, but few of the labeled thin-walled sieve tubes were associated with labeled companion cells. (Only the thin-walled sieve tubes are associated with companion cells.) When portions of leaf strips were exposed to 14CO2 for 5 min, the vascular parenchyma cells-regardless of their location in relation to the vessels or sieve tubes-were the most consistently labeled cells of small and intermediate bundles, and label (14C-photosynthate) appeared in a greater proportion of thin-walled sieve tubes than thick-walled sieve tubes. After a 5-min chase with 12CO2, the thin-walled sieve tubes were more heavily labeled than any other cell type of the leaf. After a 10-min chase with 12CO2, the thin-walled sieve tubes were even more heavily labeled. The companion cells generally were less heavily labeled than their associated thin-walled sieve tubes. Although all of the thick-walled sieve tubes were labeled in portions of leaf strips fed 14CO2 for 5 min and given a 10-min 12CO2 chase, only five of 72 vascular bundles below the 14CO2-exposed portions contained labeled thick-walled sieve tubes. Moreover, the few labeled thick-walledsieve tubes of the “transport region” always abutted 14C-labeled vascular parenchyma cells. The results of this study indicate that (1) the vascular parenchyma cells are able to retrieve at least sucrose from the vessels and transfer it to the thick-walled sieve tubes, (2) the thick-walled sieve tubes are not involved in long-distance transport, and (3) the thin-walled sieve tubes are capable themselves of accumulating sucrose and photosynthates from the apoplast, without the companion cells serving as intermediary cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397525
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microautoradiographic studies of the role of mesophyll and bundle tissues of the Ricinus cotyledon in sucrose uptake (1991)
    Springer
    Planta 183 (1991), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Companion cell ; Membrane potential ; Ricinus ; Sieve tube ; Spongy mesophyll ; Sucrose (uptake, accumulation)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to show which tissues and cell types of the cotyledon of Ricinus communis L. are responsible for uptake of sucrose by H+-sucrose symport. The cotyledons were incubated in labelled sucrose for up to 20 min and then the amount of radioactivity in each cell type of the cotyledon was assessed by microautoradiography. It was found that 50% of the label was present in the spongy mesophyll, and 10–15% was in the bundles, the epidermal layers and the palisade parenchyma. The sieve tubes contained only 2–3% of the label. The addition of sucrose to cotyledons depolarized the membrane of spongy-mesophyll cells by 33 mV. Therefore, it was concluded that the previously found H+-sucrose symport is at least partly located at the spongy mesophyll. No precursor-like behaviour of the label in mesophyll or bundle-sheath cells was observed in pulse-chase experiments, which indicates a direct uptake of sucrose by the sieve tube-companion cell complex from the apoplast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197796
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and soil-nutrient effects on the abundance of herbivores on willow (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 105 (1996), S. 388-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Salix ; Herbivores ; Soil nutrients ; Genotype-by-environment interactions ; Host plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil-nutrient environment, plant genotype, and the interaction between the two on the resistance of the willow, Salix sericea, to insect species in a diverse herbivore community was measured. We found that soil-nutrient environment influenced plant growth and the abundance of most herbivores of S. sericea. However, environmental effects on herbivore abundance were often modified by plant genetics; the abundance of four of seven herbivores exhibited significant genotypeby-environment interaction effects. Pure genotype effects were mostly small and non-significant. The effects of fertilization differed among herbivores. Several herbivores were more abundant on fertilized plants, one was less abundant, and the abundance of others did not change. We found that feeding guild was a poor predictor of herbivore response. Finally we found significant phenotypic and genetic correlations among growth rate, internode length, and the abundances of several herbivores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328742
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal changes in energetics and torpor patterns in the subtropical blossom-bat Syconycteris australis (Megachiroptera) (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 113 (1998), S. 467-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Energetics ; Torpor ; Subtropical ; Nectar availability ; Thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about how animals from tropical and subtropical climates adjust their energy expenditure to cope with seasonal changes of climate and food availability. To provide such information, we studied the thermal physiology, torpor patterns and energetics of the nocturnal blossom-bat (Syconycteris australis 18 g) from a subtropical habitat in both summer and winter. In both seasons, S. australis frequently entered daily torpor at ambient temperatures between 12 and 25°C when food and water were withheld. Unlike patterns observed in temperate animals, mean minimum metabolic rates during torpor were lower in summer (0.47 ± 0.07 ml O2 g−1 h−1) than in winter (0.75 ± 0.11 ml O2 g−1 h−1). Body temperatures during torpor were regulated at 19.3 ± 1.0°C in summer and at 23.4 ± 2.0°C in winter. Torpor bout duration was significantly longer in summer (7.3 ± 0.6 h) than in winter (5.5 ± 0.3 h), but in both seasons, bout duration was not affected by ambient temperature. Consequently, average daily metabolic rates were also significantly lower in summer than in winter. Body temperatures and metabolic rates in normothermic bats did not change with season. Our findings on seasonal changes of torpor in this bat from the subtropics are opposite to those made for many species from cold climates which generally show deeper and longer torpor in winter and are often entirely homeothermic in summer. More pronounced torpor in subtropical S. australis in summer may be due to low or unpredictable nectar availability, short nights which limit the time available for foraging, and long days without access to food. Thus, the reversed seasonal response of this subtropical bat in comparison to temperate species may be an appropriate response to ecological constraints.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050399
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interspecific hybridization of plants and resistance to herbivores: hypotheses, genetics, and variable responses in a diverse herbivore community (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 97 (1994), S. 106-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Hybridization ; Herbivores ; RAPD ; Host plant resistance ; Willow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied the morphology, molecular genetics, and hebivory of two species of willows (Salix sericea and S. eriocephala) and their interspecific hybrids to test four alternative hypotheses concerning the effects of hybridization on plant resistance. Individually marked plants were identified using morphological traits in the field and measurements of stipule and leaf pubescence were made and compared using Canonical Discriminant Function Analysis. DNA was extracted from the leaves of a sample of the marked plants and RAPD-PCR analysis was performed to establish the genetic status of parental and hybrid plants. RAPD band analysis generally verified the genetic status of parental plants. Hybrid plants were usually correctly identified in the field with a few exceptions. However, the hybrid plants were a heterogeneous group of plants made up of most plants that appear to be F1s and a few plants that appear to be backcrosses to S. sericea. Morphological variables were useful for distinguishing S. sericea from S. eriocephala and hybrids, but were not as dependable in distinguishing between S. eriocephala and hybrids. We compared the densities of 11 herbivore species and the infection by a leaf rust pathogen (Melampsora sp.) on the leaves and stems of two parents and the hybrids in the field. We found support for the Additive hypothesis (3 species), the Dominance hypothesis (2 species) and the Hybrid Susceptibility hypothesis (7 species, 6 herbivores and the Melampsora rust). We found no evidence for the Hybrid Resistance hypothesis. Guild membership was not a good predictor of similar responses of species to hybrid versus parental plants. A Canonical Discriminant Function Analysis showed discrete separation of the taxa based on herbivore densities, illustrating different community structures on hybrid and parental plants. This study demonstrates the diversity of responses of phytophages in response to interspecific hybridization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317914
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Daily torpor and thermoregulation in antechinus (Marsupialia): influence of body mass, season, development, reproduction, and sex (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 77 (1988), S. 395-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Antechinus ; Body mass ; Season ; Torpor ; Thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Season and body mass influence torpor in mammals. However, the effects of the two factors are often difficult to distinguish because body mass in many species changes with season. The present study attempted to separate seasonal and body mass related alterations of torpor. Adult female Antechinus stuartii and A. flavipes (Marsupialia), which were about half the size of males of the respective species, showed longer and deeper torpor than males. When the two species were compared, torpor in A. stuartii, the smaller species, was more pronounced than in A. flavipes. Juveniles of both species had lower body temperatures and longer torpor durations than adults. Torpor was most pronounced in juvenile males during summer; in winter, when males had grown to adult size, the use of torpor was reduced. Seasonal changes in torpor of adults were not distinct. These results suggest that the influence of body mass on torpor in these Antechinus species is stronger than that of season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378050
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of genetic and environmental variation on resistance of willow to sawflies (1990)
    Springer
    Oecologia 82 (1990), S. 325-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Galls ; Genotype ; Genotype-environment interaction ; Host plant resistance ; Sawflies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An experiment was performed to test the effects of clone genotype, spatial variation (sites), temporal variation (years), and their interaction on the densities of four sawfly species that form galls on willow. Clone genotype had a significant effect on the densities of three species over both levels of spatial and temporal variation. Genotype was not important at one site, but was significant for 3 species at another site. Clonal heritability of resistance to the stem-galling sawfly was small when averaged over both sites and years, but for sites and years separately it varied from 0.16 to 0.35. The effect of year was not significant overall or at the Northland Press site but was significant at the Museum of Northern Arizona site. The site effect was also not significant overall, but was significant for the stem galler when years were considered separately. Clone genotype did not interact with year and site variation overall, or for years considered separately. When sites were considered separately, there was one significant year by clone interaction for the leaf folder. Year by site interactions were significant for 3 of 4 sawflies, with the Museum of Northern Arizona site having greater variation in sawfly densities between years than the Northland Press site. Year by site interaction seemed related to differences in density of the leaf folder and stem galler on nearby field plants, but this was not true for the leaf galler and the petiole galler. Phenotypic and genetic correlations of sawflies densities were generally positive and were significant half of the time, indicating that these species responded similarly to variation among clones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317479
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Loading and transport of assimilates in different maize leaf bundles (1989)
    Springer
    Planta 178 (1989), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Leaf (assimilate transport) ; Phloem loading ; Phloem transport ; Sieve tube ; Vascular bundle ; Zea (assimilate transport)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The loading and transport functions of vascular bundles in maize (Zea mays L.) leaf strips were investigated by microautoradiography after application of 14CO2. The concentrations of 14C-contents in thin-walled sieve tubes of individual bundles in the loading and transport regions were determined by digital image analysis of silver-grain density over the sieve tubes and compared. In the loading region, relatively high concentrations of 14C-contents were found in the thin-walled sieve tubes of small bundles and in the small, thin-walled sieve tubes of the intermediate bundles; the concentration of 14C-label in large bundles was very low. In the transport region, at a transport distance of 2 cm, all of the small bundles contained 14C-assimilates, but generally less than the same bundles did in the loading region; by comparison, at that distance intermediate and large bundles contained two-to threefold more 14C-assimilates than the same bundles in the loading region. The lateral transfer of assimilates from smaller to larger bundles via transverse veins could be demonstrated directly in microautoradiographs. A reverse transport from larger to smaller bundles was not found. At a transport distance of 4 cm, all large and intermediate bundles were 14C-labeled, but many of the small bundles were not. Although all longitudinal bundles were able to transport 14C-asimilates longitudinally down the blade, it was the large bundles that were primarily involved with longitudinal transport and the small bundles that were primarily involved with loading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392520
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of unsaturated and saturated dietary lipids on the pattern of daily torpor and the fatty acid composition of tissues and membranes of the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 161 (1991), S. 590-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Dietary lipids ; Fatty acids ; Daily torpor ; Thermoregulation ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dieary lipids strongly influence the pattern of torpor and the body lipid composition of mammalian hibernators. The object of the present study was to investigate whether these diet-induced physiological and biochemical changes also occur in species that show shallow, daily torpor. Deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, were fed with rodent chow (control diet) or rodent chow with either 10% sunflower seed oil (unsaturated diet) or 10% sheep fat (saturated diet). Animals on the unsaturated diet showed a greater occurrence of torpor (80–100% vs 26–43%), longer torpor bouts (4.5 vs 2.25 h), a lower metabolic rate during torpor (0.96 vs 2.25 ml O2·g-1·h-1), and a smaller loss of body mass during withdrawal of food (2.35 vs 3.90 g) than animals on the saturated diet; controls were intermediate. These diet-induced physiological changes were associated with significant alterations in the fatty acid composition of depot fat, leg muscle and brain total lipids, and heart mitochondrial phospholipids. Significant differences in the total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content between animals on saturated and unsaturated diet were observed in depot fat (55.7% vs 81.1%) and leg muscle (56.4% vs 72.1%). Major compositional differences between diet groups also occurred in the concentration of n6 and/or n3 fatty acids of brain and heart mitochondria. The study suggests that dietary lipids may play an important role in the seasonal adjustment of physiology in heterothermic mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260749
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary cholesterol enhances torpor in a rodent hibernator (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 167 (1997), S. 416-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Dietary cholesterol ; Hibernation ; Metabolic rate ; Rodent ; Tamias amoenus ; Testosterone ; Torpor bouts ; Thermoregulation ; Yellow-pine chipmunk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dietary cholesterol can affect both body lipid composition and steroid hormone concentration. We investigated whether a diet rich in cholesterol influences torpor patterns of hibernating chipmunks (Tamias amoenus) and, if so, whether these changes are better explained by diet-induced changes in body lipid composition or the concentration of testosterone, which at high levels inhibits torpor. Two groups of chipmunks were maintained either on a cholesterol diet (rodent chow containing 10% cholesterol) or a control diet (rodent chow) during pre-hibernation fattening and throughout the hibernation season. Torpid chipmunks on the cholesterol diet had significantly lower minimum body temperatures (−0.2 ± 0.2 vs +0.6 ± 0.2 °C), lower metabolic rates (0.029 ± 0.002 ml O2 g−1h−1 vs 0.035 ± 0.001 ml O2 g−1h−1), and longer torpor bouts at −1 °C (6.8 ± 0.5 vs 4.1 ± 1.0 days) than chipmunks on the control diet. Dietary cholesterol resulted in a significant increase in blood plasma cholesterol (sevenfold), liver cholesterol content (6.9-fold) and liver triglyceride content (3.5-fold) in comparison to controls. In contrast, dietary cholesterol had no detectable effect on the concentration of plasma testosterone, which was very low in both groups. Since torpor was deeper and longer in animals on the cholesterol diet our study suggests that torpor patterns of chipmunks were either directly affected by the dietary cholesterol or via changes in body lipid composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003600050091
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