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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of semiconductor diode lasers to the soldering of electronic components (1995)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 27 (1995), S. 1303-1311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Work being carried out at the University of Hull into the application of high power laser diodes to the soldering process is described. The commercial availability of semiconductor diode lasers has brought an exciting new soldering tool to the manufacturers of electronics assemblies: trends in electronics assembly are to increasingly high-density interconnections and increasing device functionality. Packages are reducing in size and pin-out counts are increasing. Currently 0.010–0.016 inch lead pitch devices are being introduced by many manufacturers. Lasers can be used with advantage in the soldering of such fine and precise devices and high-power semiconductor laser diodes can be used to build compact, flexible and controllable soldering units. With computer control of the power and duration of the laser energy it is possible to ensure consistent and reliable soldering. To achieve this, however, the various parameters involved in the laser beam-solder assembly interaction need to be carefully defined. This paper reports on our identification of these parameters and the salient design features of an automated diode laser soldering system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326483
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis, characterization, and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of cis-Ph2C2H2(η5-C5H4)2Ca(THF)2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 731-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Calcocene ; phenylfulvene coupling agents ; ansa-metallocenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract cis-[(1,2-diphenyl-1,2-dicyclopentadienyl)ethanediyl]bis(tetrahydrofuran)calcium is prepared by reductively coupling phenylfulvene with activated calcium to produce cis and trans isomers which can be separately crystallized. The cis isomer crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c. The cell parameters are: a = 9.7006(1), b = 18.9839(1), c = 14.2018(2) Å, β = 91.263(1)°, V = 2614.70(5) Å3, D calc = 1.252 mg/m3, and Z = 4. Spectroscopic and crystallographic data for the cis-isomer are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021808426792
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Anwendbarkeit des MESQUAC-MO-Verfahrens auf Übergangsmetallkomplexe (1979)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 110 (1979), S. 813-822 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Absorption spectra, calculation ; Hydrated ions ; MESQUAC-MO-SCF ; MO-Calculation ; Transition metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract MESQUAC (Mixed ElectroStatic QUAntum Chemical) calculations have been performed for the aquocomplex of the Ti(III) ion. First, second and third hydration spheres have been taken into account, leading to excellent agreement with the experimental solvation energy of this ion in water. The calculations indicate, that two hydration spheres are bound tightly to the ion, whereas for the third sphere no more strong ordering should be expected. Methodical details as the choice of fractional point charges and the number of ligands included in the full quantum chemical description have been varied to test the method's reliability for calculations on transition metal complexes. Besides thermodynamic quantities also the absorption spectrum of aqueous Ti(III)-solutions has been taken as a basis for testing the results of the calculations. By a slight extension of the original MESQUAC concept also spectroscopic properties are obtained rather satisfactorily. Exponents of optimized smallGaussian basis sets for the transition metals Ti to Zn are given, which seem to be suitable for the use in such calculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00906675
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymorphism in the rotiferAsplanchna sieboldi: Some chemical constituents of the saccate and campanulate females (1976)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 32 (1976), S. 1408-1409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary No detectable differences in total protein, DNA, RNA and glycogen content were found between the morphologically and physiologically distinct saccate and campanulate morphotypes in one clone of the rotiferAsplanchna sieboldi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01937404
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of a surfactant produced byBacillus licheniformis 86 (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1990), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Biosurfactant ; Lipopeptide ; Surfactin ; Lichenysin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Surfactant (BL86) was isolated from foam produced during growth ofBacillus licheniformis 86 by acid-precipitation followed by extraction into tetrahydrofuran or methanol. The surfactant is anionic and dissolves in tetrahydrofuran, methanol, chloroform, dichloromethane, xylene, toluene, and alkaline water. The surfactant lowers the surface tension of water to 27 dynes/cm, and achieves the critical micelle concentration with as little as 10 μg surfactant/ml. Its interfacial tension can reach 0.36 dynes/cm when measured in 4% sodium chloride againstn-hexadecane. The surfactant is stable from pH 4.0 to 13.0, at temperatures ranging from 25 to 120°C, and in salt solutions ranging from 0 to 30% NaCl. Preliminary analytical results indicate that the surfactant is a mixture of lipopeptides different from previously reportedBacillus produced surfactants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575868
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental Contaminants and Cholinesterase Activity in the Brain of Fisher (Martes pennanti) Harvested in Northern Wisconsin (1996)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 56 (1996), S. 866 -872 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900126
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of general systems (1967)
    Springer
    Archive for rational mechanics and analysis 25 (1967), S. 271-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250930
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-explosive, constructional evolution of the ice-filled caldera at Volcán Sollipulli, Chile (1996)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 58 (1996), S. 67-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Caldera ; Radar ; Gravity ; Ice ; Subglacial eruptions ; Sollipulli ; Chile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  A radar and gravity survey of the ice-filled caldera at Volcán Sollipulli, Chile, indicates that the intra-caldera ice has a thickness of up to 650 m in its central part and that the caldera harbours a minimum of 6 km3 of ice. Reconnaissance geological observations show that the volcano has erupted compositions ranging from olivine basalt to dacite and have identified five distinct volcanic units in the caldera walls. Pre- or syn-caldera collapse deposits (the Sharkfin pyroclastic unit) comprise a sequence which evolved from subglacial to subaerial facies. Post-caldera collapse products, which crop out along 17 of the 20 km length of the caldera wall, were erupted almost exclusively along the caldera margins in the presence of a large body of intra-caldera ice. The Alpehué crater, formed by an explosive eruption between 2960 and 2780 a. BP, in the southwest part of the caldera is shown to post date formation of the caldera. Sollipulli lacks voluminous silicic pyroclastic rocks associated with caldera formation and the collapse structure does not appear to be a consequence of a large-magnitude explosive eruption. Instead, lateral magma movement at depth resulting in emptying of the magma chamber may have generated the caldera. The radar and gravity data show that the central part of the caldera floor is flat but, within a few hundred metres of the caldera walls, the floor has a stepped topography with relatively low-density rock bodies beneath the ice in this region. This, coupled with the fact that most of the post-caldera eruptions have taken place along the caldera walls, implies that the caldera has been substantially modified by subglacial marginal eruptions. Sollipulli caldera has evolved from a collapse to a constructional feature with intra-caldera ice playing a major role. The post-caldera eruptions have resulted in an increase in height of the walls and concomitant deepening of the caldera with time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050127
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ice-melt collapse pits and associated features in the 1991 lahar deposits of Volcán Hudson, Chile: criteria to distinguish eruption-induced glacier melt (1995)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1995), S. 293-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Lahars ; Jökulhlaup ; Geohazards ; Glacier melt ; Ice-rafting ; Subsidence ; Ring fractures ; Current crescent ; Kettle-hole ; Sandur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In subaerial volcaniclastic sequences structures formed by ice blocks can provide information about a volcano's history of lahar generation by glacier melt. At Volcán Hudson in Chile, catastrophic lahars were initiated by eruption-induced melting of glacier ice in August and October 1991. They transported large ice blocks 50 km down the Rio de los Huemules valley to the sea. Large current crescents with lee-side lenses were formed where ice blocks were deposited during waning stages of the flood. When stranded blocks of ice melted, they left cone-shaped and ring-shaped heaps of ice-rafted debris on the sediment surface. Several hundred ice blocks were completely buried within the aggrading lahar sediment, and when these melted circular collapse pits formed in the sediment. Collapse types included subsided coherent blocks of sediment bounded by an outward-dipping ring-fracture, trapdoor structures with horseshoe-shaped fractures, downsag pits with centroclinal dips locally up to 60°, pits with peripheral graben and crevasses, piecemeal (highly fragmented) collapse structures and funnel-shaped pits containing disaggregated sediment. A sequence of progressive collapse is inferred in which initial downsag and subsidence on an outward-dipping ring fracture produces a small diameter pit. This is followed by widening of the pit by progressive development of concentric ring fractures and downsag outside the early formed pit, and by collapse of overhanging pit walls to produce vertical to inward-dipping walls and aprons of collapse debris on the pit floor. The various structures have potential for preservation even in regions prone to high rainfall and flooding, and they can be used to indicate that former lahars contained abundant blocks of ice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301289
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origin of accretionary lapilli (1994)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 56 (1994), S. 398-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words accretionary lapilli ; aggregation ; volcanic ash ; volcanic plume ; wind tunnel ; collision and coalescence ; fallout
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Experimental investigations in a recirculating wind tunnel of the mechanisms of formation of accretionary lapilli have demonstrated that growth is controlled by collision of liquid–coated particles, due to differences in fall velocities, and binding as a result of surface tension forces and secondary mineral growth. The liquids present on particle surfaces in eruption plumes are acid solutions stable at 〈100% relative humidity, from which secondary minerals, e.g. calcium sulphate and sodium chloride, precipitate prior to impact of accretionary lapilli with the ground. Concentric grain–size zones within accretionary lapilli build up due to differences in the supply of particular particle sizes during aggregate growth. Accretionary lapilli do not evolve by scavenging of particles by liquid drops followed by evaporation – a process which, in wind tunnel experiments, generates horizontally layered hemispherical aggregates. Size analysis of particles in the wind tunnel air stream and particles adhering to growing aggregates demonstrate that the aggregation coefficient is highly grain–size dependent. Theoretical simulation of accretionary lapilli growth in eruption plumes predicts maximum sizes in the range 0.7–20 mm for ash cloud thicknesses of 0.5–10 km respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326465
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