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  • Electron microscopy  (10)
  • Springer  (10)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • Oxford University Press
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 457-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Rat ; Adrenalectomy ; Renin and secretory granules ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion des juxtaglomerulären Apparates auf Adrenalektomie wurde untersucht. Im Stadium der Nebenniereninsuffizienz, sechs Tage nach der Operation, wurde quantitativ morphometrisch eine Abnahme der Volumendichte der Sekretgranula (von 32% auf 16%) festgestellt. Golgi-Apparat und Ergastoplasma proliferieren stark, wobei insbesondere die erweiterten Cisternen des Ergastoplasmas auffallen.
    Notes: Summary The response of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus to bilateral adrenalectomy was studied in rats. After the sixth postoperative day, symptoms of severe adrenal insufficiency had developed. In the Juxtaglomerular cells, the volume density of the secretory granules decreased from 32% to 16%. The Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum underwent considerable proliferation, the latter showing strikingly enlarged cisternae.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 433-456 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus (Rat) ; Development ; Renin ; Pools ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die perinatale Entwicklung des juxtaglomerulären Apparates, insbesondere das Verhalten der epitheloiden Zellen wurde an 18 trächtigen Ratten and 65 Embryonen bzw. Jungtieren elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Parallel dazu wurde die Reninkonzentration bzw. der Reningehalt bestimmt. Spezifische Sekretgranula finden sich erstmals am 18. Tag der Fetalzeit, und zwar in den epitheloiden Zellen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates juxtamedullärer Nephrone. Die Granula machen einen Struktur- und wahrscheinlich auch Funktionswandel durch, der eine Einteilung in drei verschiedene Granulatypen nahelegt. Diesen drei Typen spezifischer (reninhaltiger) Sekretgranula werden die Lysosomen als unspezifische Einschlüsse der epitheloiden Zellen gegenübergestellt. Im einzelnen kommt es während der perinatalen Phase in den fetalen Epitheloidzellen zuerst, d.h. pränatal, zu einer Hypertrophie des rauhwandigen endoplasmatischen Retikulums und des Golgi-Apparates. Hierin sehen die Autoren einen Hinweis auf eine erhöhte Proteinsynthese mit entsprechender Zunahme der Transport- und Konzentrationsvorgänge. Nach der Geburt findet sich dann auch eine deutliche Zunahme der Sekretgranula vom Typ III, die als reife Reningranula (mature granules) angesehen werden. Die bisher noch nicht beschriebenen kleinen Sekretgranula vom Typ I dagegen kommen in weniger entwickelten Epitheloidzellen häufiger vor. Bestimmungen der Reninverteilung zwischen Zytoplasma und den durch Differential-zentrifugation gewonnenen Granula-Fraktionen ergeben auffallende Parallelen zu den morphologischen Befunden. Diese sprechen im allgemeinen dafür, daß “freies Renin” im Ergasto-plasma und “gebundenes Renin” in den Sekretgranula vorliegt. Mit zunehmendem Alter scheint es außerdem — parallel zur relativen Abnahme des Ergastoplasmas und Zunahme der reifen Reningranula — zu einer Verminderung des extragranulären zugunsten des granulär gebundenen Renins zu kommen.
    Notes: Summary The perinatal development of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), with particular reference to the epithelioid cells, was studied. Electron microscopic studies were carried out on 18 gravid rats and 65 embryos with corresponding determinations of renin concentration and the renin contents by bio-assay. Specific secretory granules of the epithelioid cells of the JGA of juxtamedullary nephrons are first observed on the 18th day of gestation. The classification into three types of secretory granules suggests that they undergo a structural and probably also a functional transformation. All three types of secretory granule may be regarded as specific, renin-containing, cytoplasmic organelles. During the last days of gestation, the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus become hypertrophied in epithelioid cells, indicating an increased protein synthesis as well as transport and concentration processes. After birth, there is a definite increase in the number of Type III secretory granules-which may be regarded as mature granules. The small Type I secretory granulesnot previously described-are found more frequently in the immature epithelioid cells. Determinations of the renin distribution in the plasma and in fractions of cytoplasmic constituents (total homogenate, secretory granules) prepared by differential centrifugation showed striking congruence with the morphological findings. It is generally assumed that “soluble renin” occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and “bound renin” in secretory granules. A shift from extragranular to granular (bound) renin, occurs with increasing age, having its morphological equivalent in the relative decrease of the endoplasmic reticulum and increase in mature secretory granules.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 157-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta (Human) ; Capillaries ; Tight junctions ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-fracturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of human placental capillaries was investigated using perfusion fixation and the freeze-fracturing technique. The capillaries have a continuous endothelium especially rich in microfilaments, whereas micropinocytotic vesicles are exceedingly scarce. The endothelial cells are connected by three types of junctions: (1) zonulae occludentes characterized by 2 to 4 focal regions of membrane contact in thin-sectioned specimens and an equal number of ridges on the membrane E-face in freeze-fractured specimens; (2) small gap junctions associated with the zonula occludens. (3) attachment plaques resembling zonulae adhaerentes in their fine structure. Endothelial cells are provided with long, circularly oriented pseudopodial extensions, which may be responsible for intermittent constrictions of the vessel lumen. These findings indicate that diaplacental transport at the level of the fetal capillary is controlled by the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells and probably occurs only to a very limited extent by way of micropinocytotic vesicles.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 395-413 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Distal tubule ; Collecting duct ; Electron microscopy ; Thin sections ; Freeze fracturing ; Tight junctions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative aspects of tight junction morphology were systematically studied in the cortical and outer medullary segments of the distal urinary tubules of rat, hamster, rabbit, cat, dog and the primitve primate Tupaia belangeri. Only minor differences in junctional architecture were found between straight and convoluted portions of the distal tubule. In contrast, the collecting duct in cortex and outer medulla, in all species, exhibits the most elaborate tight junctions observed along the uriniferous tubule. The present and previous findings from this laboratory indicate that increasing “tightness” of the junctional complexes is apparent along the course of the nephron in all species studied. The proposed relationship between quantitative aspects of the zonula occludens and presently available values for transepithelial electrical resistance was re-examined for the renal tubules. It was found that for the mammalian kidney a satisfactory correlation exists between the tight junction morphology and presently known functional parameters. This relationship is the more evident the more additional dimensional characteristics of the intercellular clefts are taken into consideration. It may therefore be concluded that, at least for the mammalian kidney, the assumption of differences in the molecular organization of the tight junctions is not needed to explain so far unresolved discrepancies between tubular morphology and function.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 421-434 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Giant mitochondria ; Transitional epithelium ; Urinary bladder (mole) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Harnblasenepithel des Maulwurfs wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Bei bestimmten Tieren finden sich in den Intermediärzellen „matrixreiche“ Riesenmitochondrien. Diese Riesenmitochondrien scheinen aus normalen Mitochondrien hervorzugehen und enthalten verschieden geformte Einschlüsse. Andere Organe und Zellen bei Maulwürfen mit Riesenmitochondrien in den Intermediärzellen des Harnblasenepithels weisen normale Mitochondrien auf. Es handelt sich demnach hier um eine sog. „Mitochondriose der Intermediärzellen“. Bedeutung, Bildung und Abbau der Riesenmitochondrien werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Giant mitochondria containing an enormous matrix volume were found in the intermediary cells of the urinary bladder transitional epithelium of the mole. Regularly shaped mitochondria develop club-like protrusions forming giant mitochondria that contain several types of inclusions. Various other tissues were examined, but we could state that giant mitochondria exist only in the intermediary cells of the urinary bladder epithelium. Thus a peculiar “intermediary cell mitochondriosis” is described in this paper, not regularly occurring in the mole. The functional significance of the giant mitochondria is discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 471-480 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Rat ; Influence of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometric analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die quantitativ-morphologische Analyse des juxtaglomerulären Apparates nach DOC-Behandlung zeigte, daß mit der Hemmung der Reninbildung eine Hypoplasie der epitheloiden Zellen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates einhergeht. Der Granulagehalt der juxtaglomerulären Zellen nahm ab; die Kern-Plasma-Relation änderte sich und die Leiomyofibrillen in den Epitheloidzellen nahmen zu. An den übrigen Anteilen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates, insbesondere der Macula densa, wurden keine morphologischen Veränderungen beobachtet. Die DOC-Behandlung führte darüber hinaus zu einer Bildung von Einschlüssen in den Podocyten, den Mesangiumzellen und den Zellen der Bowman-Membran. Die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten, über welche Faktoren die juxtaglomerulären Zellen nach DOC-Behandlung degranuliert werden, werden diskutiert. Das ultrastrukturelle Bild der Epitheloidzellen nach DOC-Behandlung entspricht deutlich einer gehemmten Sekretion, da das Ergastoplasma und der Golgi-Apparat ganz besonders stark zurückgebildet werden.
    Notes: Summary Quantitative morphological analysis of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus of rats treated with deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and salt revealed hypoplasia of the epithelioid cells as a concomitant of the inhibition of renin synthesis. The granular content of the Juxtaglomerular cells was significantly decreased, while the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and the volume density of leiomyofilaments in the epithelioid cells increased. No morphological alterations were observed in the remaining constituents of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus, including the macula densa. DOC-treatment also induced the appearance of inclusions in the podocytes in the cells of the mesangium, and in the cells of Bowman's capsule. The possible mechanisms of degranulation of the Juxtaglomerular cells after treatment with DOC are discussed. The ultrastructural appearance of the epithelioid cells after treatment with DOC corresponds to an inhibition of secretion, since the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus undergo marked regressive changes.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 141-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Giant axon ; Nerve cord ; Electron microscopy ; Polychaeta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural observations of the giant axon of Myxicola infundibulum reveal that the axoplasm contains neurofilaments, a few neurotubules and mitochondria. Finger-like projections issuing from the glial cells of the sheath encircle the giant axon at various angles. The space between the axolemma and sheath is 125 Å. Branches of the giant axon are also surrounded by a glial sheath as they course through the neuropil. Some branches of the giant axon seem to fuse with certain neurons, creating a syncytial arrangement between the giant axon and these neurons. Many small nerve fibers course longitudinally in the neuropil of the nerve cord. Most of these axons are separated from each other by a space of 200 Å without intervening glial processes. Synapses in the neuropil have both clear 600 Å vesicles and larger dense core vesicles suggesting chemical transmission. Some, but not all, of the synaptic areas show thickened membranes and dense material in the synaptic cleft.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 291-305 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Tupaia ; Gap junctions ; Renin ; Freeze-fracturing ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vascular pole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in Tupaia belangeri was studied with special reference to the intercellular contacts of the periendothelial cells and the endothelium of the vas afferens. The periendothelial cells of the vascular pole of the glomerulum are connected by numerous gap junctions; and the granulated epithelial cells are suggested to form a functional unit. Probably there is a continuity of this system troughout the entire vascular pole including (1) all granulated cells, (2) all lacis cells, (3) the mesangium cells and (4) the adjacent smooth muscle cells of the vas afferens and vas efferens. Analysis of the endothelial junctions shows a zonular arrangement of tight junctions indicating a rather tight blood-tissue barrier next to the glomerular vascular pole. The ultrastructure of the different cell types of the vas afferens is also described, emphasizing the granulated epithelial cells and their innervation.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 447-459 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lipid ; Kidney tubules, proximal ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lipid metabolism in the cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) was investigated in healthy fowls and in fowls with the Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS). The tissue was fixed at 10–25 min intervals after intravenous injection of 3H-oleic acid. The distribution of autoradiographic grains was analysed by the “circle method”. In normal cells most of the silver grains were associated with the cytoplasmic organelles. Lipid droplets and Golgi elements had the highest specific activity relative to the nuclear activity, which was little above background level. Lysosome-like bodies and mitochondria had lower values. In the cells of the FLKS-affected birds a large proportion of the grains was located over the lipid droplets, which are abundant in this condition. The specific activity of the cytoplasmic organelles was barely 2-fold higher than the nuclear activity. The results suggest that there is a diminished incorporation of esterified fatty acids by the organelles of these cells and that the excess is transferred to the lipid droplets. The identity of low electron density particles observed in the PCT cells of severely affected birds is discussed.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Sympathetic innervation ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Tupaia belangeri ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has previously been reported that the primitive primate Tupaia belangeri develops a renal failure when exposed to psychosocial stress. In order to learn if this high susceptibility to stress of the Tupaia kidney can be correlated with morphological and functional parameters of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and the renin-angiotensin system, comparative experiments were performed on Tupaia and rat. Our results reveal an outstandingly high potency of the JGA and the renin-angiotensin system in Tupaia as evident from the following findings: The Tupaia JGA contains a great number of epithelioid cells abounding in renin granules (electron microscopy). The renin content of the Tupaia kidney is considerably higher than in the rat (radio-immunoassay). The sympathetic innervation of the kidney and especially of the JGA is abundant in Tupaia (fluorescence and electron microscopy). Catecholamine contents of the kidney and other organs are significantly higher in Tupaia than in rats (spectrophotofluorometry). Our results support the previously developed concept of a potent intrarenal neuroendocrine interaction at the JGA level favouring, under certain conditions of social stress, the development of acute renal failure in Tupaia belangeri.
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