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  • Brood parasitism  (5)
  • Candida albicans  (5)
  • Springer  (10)
  • American Chemical Society
  • MDPI Publishing
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Keywords
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study on cell wall antigens and cell surface hydrophobicity in clinical isolates ofCandida albicans (1994)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 127 (1994), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; Cell surface hydrophobicity ; Cell wall ; Clinical strains ; Protein and mannoprotein antigens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Characterization of common cell surface-bound antigens inCandida albicans strains, particularly those expressed in the walls of mycelial cells might be useful in the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. Hence, antigenic similarities among wall proteins and mannoproteins fromC. albicans clinical serotype A and B isolates, were studied using polyclonal (mPAbs) and monoclonal (MAb 4C12) antibodies raised against wall antigens from the mycelial form of a commonC. albicans serotype A laboratory strain (ATCC 26555). Zymolyase digestion of walls isolated from cells of the different strains studied grown at 37°C (germination conditions), released, in all cases, numerous protein and mannoprotein components larger than 100 kDa, along with a 33–34 kDa species. The pattern of major antigens exhibiting reactivity towards the mPAbs preparation was basically similar for all the serotype A and B isolates, though minor strain-specific bands were also observed. The immunodeterminant recognized by MAb 4C12 was found to be absent or present in very low amounts inC. albicans isolates other than the ATCC 26555 strain, yet high molecular weight species similar in size (e.g., 260 kDa) to the wall antigen against which MAb 4C12 was raised, were observed, particularly in wall digests from serotype A strains. Cell surface hydrophobicity, an apparently important virulence factor inC. albicans, of the cell population of each serotype B strain was lower than that of the corresponding serotype A counterparts, which is possibly due to the fact that the former strains exhibited a reduced ability to form mycelial filaments under the experimental conditions used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01104005
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Common and form-specific cell wall antigens of Candida albicans as released by chemical and enzymatic treatments (1996)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 134 (1996), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; cell wall ; protein and mannoprotein antigens ; Zymolyase ; β-mercaptoethanol ; polyclonal antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the antigenic properties of the proteins and mannoproteins present in the cell surface of Candida albicans, and to identify individual antigenic moieties and their distribution, a number of polyclonal antisera were obtained by immunizing rabbits with chemical and enzymatic cell wall extracts obtained from intact cells from both growth forms (yeast and mycelium) of the fungus. Prior to injection, wall moieties present in the extracts were subjected to different treatments and/or purification procedures such as adsorption onto polystyrenelatex microbeads or electrophoretic separation. When used as probes in indirect immunofluorescence assays, the different antisera gave rise to different fluorescence patterns varying in intensity and topological localization of the reactivity in C. albicans cells. When the different antisera were used as probes in Western blots of wall proteinaceous materials solubilized from both blastospores and germ tubes, differences in reactivity and specificity were readily discernible, allowing to identify a number of common and form-specific cell wall components. Of special interest was the fact that one of the antisera raised, after adsorption onto heat-killed blastospores, specifically recognized medium to low molecular weight moieties present only in the cell wall extracts from germ tubes. When this antiserum was used as probe in immunofluorescence assays, reactivity was confined to the hyphal extensions. Together, these observations seem to indicate that the different antibody preparations described in this report could represent important tools in the study of different aspects of the cell wall biology in C. albicans, including the identification and study of the distribution of common and form-specific cell wall-bound antigens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437047
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the cell wall glycoprotein composition of Candida albicans associated to the inhibition of germ tube formation by EDTA (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 161 (1994), S. 489-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; Dimorphism ; Cell wall ; Mannoprotein ; EDTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hyphal development in Candida albicans was blocked by EDTA. This effect was not due to a general growth inhibition since the chelator did not affect protein and DNA synthesis. Recovery of mycelial growth was observed when EDTA-grown cells were incubated at 37°C in EDTA-free medium. High-molecular-weight mannoproteins (HMWM) that are mycelium-specific wall components, and particularly a 260-kDa species (HMWM-260), were absent in the wall of cells grown under germination conditions in the presence of EDTA. Synthesis of the HMWM-260 species was not inhibited but its incorporation (secretion) into the wall structure seemed to be blocked in EDTA-treated cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307769
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does the great spotted cuckoo choose magpie hosts according to their parenting ability? (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 36 (1995), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Brood parasitism ; Host selection ; Parenting ability ; Nest building
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When brood parasites are about to lay an egg, they have to decide which nest to parasitize. The best nest in which to lay will depend on the parenting ability of the host. We have studied selection of magpie (Pica pica) hosts by great spotted cuckoos (Clamator glandarius). Great spotted cuckoos preferentially parasitize large host nests. Nest volume in magpies is a good indicator of territory quality, since there is a negative relationship between magpie nest size and breeding date, and timing of breeding in magpies is known to be positively related to territory quality. Moreover, magpies occupying high-quality territories have high breeding success. Therefore, nest size is positively related to the quality of magpies. Parasitized magpie nests were of greater volume than the nearest neighbouring nest not parasitized by the great spotted cuckoo. In order to test whether the great spotted cuckoos might select high-quality magpie hosts, we manipulated pairs of parasitized and non-parasitized nests with identical laying dates and habitats, introducing into each of the nests the same number of parasitic and non-parasitic eggs. The number of fledglings reared (magpie plus great spotted cuckoo chicks) in naturally parasitized nests was higher than in experimentally parasitized nests. Thus, the probability of survival of the parasite chicks increased if cuckoo eggs were laid in the nests of high-quality hosts originally chosen by the parasite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177797
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micro-evolutionary change in host response to a brood parasite (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Anti-parasite behaviour ; Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Coevolution ; Pica pica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between brood parasites and their hosts is usually assumed to result in coevolution, and documentation of changes in extant populations should thus be possible. Here we describe how the ejection rate of eggs of an obligate brood parasite, the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius, by its host, the magpie Pica pica, has recently increased in an area in southern Spain. The ejection rate of great spotted cuckoo eggs in naturally parasitized nests of the magpie increased at a rate of 0.5% year–1 during the period 1982–1992. This result was verified in a number of field experiments using nonmimetic and mimetic model eggs. The rate of increase in ejection rate was 4.7% year–1 for mimetic eggs and 2.3% year–1 for nonmimetic eggs. There were clear differences in parasitism by the great spotted cuckoo between study plots and years, which makes comparisons of rates of parasitism between areas difficult without considering temporal variation. The recent increase in the ejection response of magpies to great spotted cuckoo eggs was not due to magpies using the abundance of cuckoos as a cue to the intensity of parasitism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050100
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preferential allocation of food by magpies Pica pica to great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius chicks (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 37 (1995), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Food allocation ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult magpies Pica pica provide parasitic great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius nestlings with a diet very similar to that fed to their own chicks. In both naturally and experimentally parasitized nests, great spotted cuckoo chicks were fed at a higher rate than magpie chicks in the same nest. This preferential allocation of food by magpie parents to great spotted cuckoo chicks is consistent with the supernormal stimulus hypothesis, because this result implies that cuckoo chicks provide stronger stimuli for parental care than host chicks. Great spotted cuckoo chicks receive most of the food brought to the nest by the foster parents, because they exploit a series of stimuli which jointly (or sometimes individually) operate as a supernormal stimulus. This hypothesis predicts that if any stimulus is masked, the efficiency of the cuckoo in eliciting parental care will decrease. Here, we analyze experimentally the effects of two of these stimuli, preferential feeding of large nestlings and of nestlings with conspicuous palatal papillae. Firstly, when we experimentally introduced one medium-sized (7–9 days) cuckoo chick into an unparasitized magpie nest where the largest magpie chick was 12–15 days old, the cuckoo did not receive significantly more food than the average or the largest magpie chick. Secondly, when unparasitized nests were experimentally parasitized with a cuckoo chick that had its gape painted to mimic that of magpie chicks, the parasitic cuckoo received less food than the average magpie chick.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173893
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chick recognition and acceptance: a weakness in magpies exploited by the parasitic great spotted cuckoo (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 37 (1995), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Chick recognition ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hosts of brood parasites have evolved the ability to discriminate non-mimetic and even mimetic eggs, but not non-mimetic chicks. Here we demonstrate that the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius does not provide its magpie Pica pica host with a super-normal stimulus that helps to avoid recognition, because single cuckoo chicks introduced into otherwise unparasitized magpie nests are not fed at a higher frequency than single magpie chicks introduced to parasitized magpie nests. Another series of experiments demonstrated that magpies have the ability to discriminate cuckoo chicks, mainly when these are introduced at the end of the nestling period, and especially when the cuckoo chick together with a magpie chick is presented to adult magpies outside the nest. This supports the idea that cuckoos exploit the obligatory reaction of magpies to feed all young that have been hatched in their nests and whose “signatures” they have learnt. Furthermore, the experimental cuckoo chicks in parasitized magpie nests were more likely to be accepted than they were in non-parasitized nests. This supports the hypothesis that magpies may learn to recognise their own nestlings as those present in the nest and may indicate that a comparison between cuckoo and magpie nestlings is the basis of discrimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177403
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micro-evolutionary change in host response to a brood parasite (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Anti-parasite behaviour ; Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Coevolution Pica pica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between brood parasites and their hosts is usually assumed to result in coevolution, and documentation of changes in extant populations should thus be possible. Here we describe how the ejection rate of eggs of an obligate brood parasite, the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius, by its host, the magpie Pica pica, has recently increased in an area in southern Spain. The ejection rate of great spotted cuckoo eggs in naturally parasitized nests of the magpie increased at a rate of 0.5% year' during the period 1982–1992. This result was verified in a number of field experiments using nonmimetic and mimetic model eggs. The rate of increase in ejection rate was 4.7% year-1 for mimetic eggs and 2.3% year-1 for nonmimetic eggs. There were clear differences in parasitism by the great spotted cuckoo between study plots and years, which makes comparisons of rates of parasitism between areas difficult without considering temporal variation. The recent increase in the ejection response of magpies to great spotted cuckoo eggs was not due to magpies using the abundance of cuckoos as a cue to the intensity of parasitism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170710
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between thigmotropism and Candida biofilm formation in vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 144 (1998), S. 125-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: biofilm ; Candida albicans ; Candida tropicalis ; saliva ; serum ; thigmotropism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The biofilm formation of the oral fungal pathogen Candida on denture acrylic strips coated with saliva or serum was examined in relation to the ability to induce hyphae by thigmotropic reaction, using C. albicans (4 isolates), C. glabrata (3 isolates) and C. tropicalis (3 isolates). Both the degree of biofilm formation and the amount of hyphae exhibiting thigmotropism varied depending upon both the species and strains of Candida. Although there was no significant correlation between the amount of hyphae induced by thigmotropic reaction of fungal isolates and biofilm formation on uncoated control specimens (r = 0.577; p 〈 0.05), the ability of hyphae induced by thigmotropic reaction significantly correlated with the amount of both saliva- and serum-admixed biofilms (r = 0.734; p 〈 0.05 and r = 0.793; p 〈 0.01, respectively). Taken together our in vitro data suggested that the hyphal induction by thigmotropic reaction is of importance in candidal biofilm formation on saliva- or serum-coated acrylic surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007073930933
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary characterization of the material released to the culture medium byCandida albicans yeast and mycelial cells (1995)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 68 (1995), S. 195-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; cell wall ; culture filtrates ; mannoproteins ; proteins ; surface antigens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Culture filtrate concentrates were obtained fromCandida albicans yeast and mycelial cells grown in the presence of14C-protein hydrolysate for radioactive labeling of cellular polypeptides. Both growth forms released to the medium minor but significant amounts of proteinaceous materials. The analysis of culture filtrate concentrates by means of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography revealed a similar and complex electrophoretic pattern, though some qualitative and quantitative differences between samples obtained from yeast and mycelial cells were observed. Materials released, mostly composed of mannoproteins as shown by their affinity towards concanavalin A, presented (i) cross-reactivity (by Western immunoblotting and ELISA) against polyclonal antisera to genuine cell wall components (among them the 58-kilodalton fibrinogen-binding mannoprotein) and (ii) high affinity for polystyrene-latex microbeads. Results presented suggest a possible common identity for the molecules shed to the medium and the cell wall protein and mannoprotein constituents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00871815
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