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  • Animals  (21)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (21)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2002-06-29
    Description: Despite the importance of selection against deleterious mutations in natural populations, reliable estimates of the genomic numbers of mutant alleles in wild populations are scarce. We found that, in wild-caught bluefin killifish Lucania goodei (Fundulidae) and wild-caught zebrafish Danio rerio (Cyprinidae), the average numbers of recessive lethal alleles per individual are 1.9 (95% confidence limits 1.3 to 2.6) and 1.4 (95% confidence limits 1.0 to 2.0), respectively. These results, together with data on several Drosophila species and on Xenopus laevis, show that phylogenetically distant animals with different genome sizes and numbers of genes carry similar numbers of lethal mutations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCune, Amy R -- Fuller, Rebecca C -- Aquilina, Allisan A -- Dawley, Robert M -- Fadool, James M -- Houle, David -- Travis, Joseph -- Kondrashov, Alexey S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2398-401.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. arm2@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila/genetics ; Female ; Fundulidae/abnormalities/*genetics ; *Genes, Lethal ; *Genes, Recessive ; *Genome ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Xenopus laevis/genetics ; Zebrafish/abnormalities/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: Mice homozygous for a single tyrosine mutation in LAT (linker for activation of T cells) exhibited an early block in T cell maturation but later developed a polyclonal lymphoproliferative disorder and signs of autoimmune disease. T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-induced activation of phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1) and of nuclear factor of activated T cells, calcium influx, interleukin-2 production, and cell death were reduced or abrogated in T cells from LAT mutant mice. In contrast, TCR-induced Erk activation was intact. These results identify a critical role for integrated PLC-gamma1 and Ras-Erk signaling through LAT in T cell development and homeostasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sommers, Connie L -- Park, Cheung-Seog -- Lee, Jan -- Feng, Chiguang -- Fuller, Claudette L -- Grinberg, Alexander -- Hildebrand, Jay A -- Lacana, Emanuela -- Menon, Rashmi K -- Shores, Elizabeth W -- Samelson, Lawrence E -- Love, Paul E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):2040-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065840" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood ; Antigens, CD5/analysis ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/physiology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics/*physiology ; Cell Division ; Interleukin-2/biosynthesis ; Isoenzymes/*metabolism ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphoproliferative Disorders/*etiology/immunology/pathology ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; *Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Phospholipase C gamma ; Phosphoproteins/*genetics/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; *Point Mutation ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology/physiology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/physiology ; Thymus Gland/cytology/immunology/pathology ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Type C Phospholipases/*metabolism ; ras Proteins/metabolism
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: Cerebral deposition of amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) is an early and critical feature of Alzheimer's disease. Abeta generation depends on proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by two unknown proteases: beta-secretase and gamma-secretase. These proteases are prime therapeutic targets. A transmembrane aspartic protease with all the known characteristics of beta-secretase was cloned and characterized. Overexpression of this protease, termed BACE (for beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme) increased the amount of beta-secretase cleavage products, and these were cleaved exactly and only at known beta-secretase positions. Antisense inhibition of endogenous BACE messenger RNA decreased the amount of beta-secretase cleavage products, and purified BACE protein cleaved APP-derived substrates with the same sequence specificity as beta-secretase. Finally, the expression pattern and subcellular localization of BACE were consistent with that expected for beta-secretase. Future development of BACE inhibitors may prove beneficial for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vassar, R -- Bennett, B D -- Babu-Khan, S -- Kahn, S -- Mendiaz, E A -- Denis, P -- Teplow, D B -- Ross, S -- Amarante, P -- Loeloff, R -- Luo, Y -- Fisher, S -- Fuller, J -- Edenson, S -- Lile, J -- Jarosinski, M A -- Biere, A L -- Curran, E -- Burgess, T -- Louis, J C -- Collins, F -- Treanor, J -- Rogers, G -- Citron, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):735-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, M/S 29-2-B, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531052" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy/*enzymology ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*biosynthesis ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/*metabolism ; Animals ; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/chemistry/genetics/*isolation & ; purification/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Brain/enzymology/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Endopeptidases ; Endosomes/enzymology ; Gene Expression ; Gene Library ; Golgi Apparatus/enzymology ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Peptides/metabolism ; Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2001-09-22
    Description: Landscape management practices that alter the degree of habitat fragmentation can significantly affect the genetic structure of animal populations. British red squirrels use "stepping stone" patches of habitat to move considerable distances through a fragmented habitat. Over the past few decades, the planting of a large conifer forest has connected groups of forest fragments in the north of England with those in southern Scotland. This "defragmentation" of the landscape has resulted in substantial genetic mixing of Scottish and Cumbrian genes in squirrel populations up to 100 kilometers from the site of the new forest. These results have implications for the conservation management of animal and plant species in fragmented landscapes such as those found in Britain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hale, M L -- Lurz, P W -- Shirley, M D -- Rushton, S -- Fuller, R M -- Wolff, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2246-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Centre for Life Science Modelling, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK. m.l.hale@ncl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567136" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; England ; Environment ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Sciuridae/*genetics/physiology ; Scotland ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: Stem cells generate many differentiated, short-lived cell types, such as blood, skin, and sperm, throughout adult life. Stem cells maintain a long-term capacity to divide, producing daughter cells that either self-renew or initiate differentiation. Although the surrounding microenvironment or "niche" influences stem cell fate decisions, few signals that emanate from the niche to specify stem cell self-renewal have been identified. Here we demonstrate that the apical hub cells in the Drosophila testis act as a cellular niche that supports stem cell self-renewal. Hub cells express the ligand Unpaired (Upd), which activates the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway in adjacent germ cells to specify self-renewal and continual maintenance of the germ line stem cell population.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kiger, A A -- Jones, D L -- Schulz, C -- Rogers, M B -- Fuller, M T -- GM07790-22/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD07493/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01-DK53074/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078176/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2542-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5329, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752574" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Cues ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila/cytology/embryology/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/*metabolism ; Germ Cells/*physiology ; Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Janus Kinases ; Ligands ; Male ; Mutation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; STAT Transcription Factors ; Signal Transduction ; Spermatocytes/cytology/physiology ; Spermatogenesis ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Testis/cytology/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription Factors
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2007-04-21
    Description: Drosophila male and female germline stem cells (GSCs) are sustained by niches and regulatory pathways whose common principles serve as models for understanding mammalian stem cells. Despite striking cellular and genetic similarities that suggest a common evolutionary origin, however, male and female GSCs also display important differences. Comparing these two stem cells and their niches in detail is likely to reveal how a common heritage has been adapted to the differing requirements of male and female gamete production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fuller, Margaret T -- Spradling, Allan C -- P01DK53074/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01GM61986/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 20;316(5823):402-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17446390" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Animals ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Centrosome/physiology ; Drosophila/*cytology/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/physiology ; Female ; Germ Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Male ; Ovary/cytology ; Sex Characteristics ; Signal Transduction ; Testis/cytology
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2007-01-27
    Description: Adult stem cells often divide asymmetrically to produce one self-renewed stem cell and one differentiating cell, thus maintaining both populations. The asymmetric outcome of stem cell divisions can be specified by an oriented spindle and local self-renewal signals from the stem cell niche. Here we show that developmentally programmed asymmetric behavior and inheritance of mother and daughter centrosomes underlies the stereotyped spindle orientation and asymmetric outcome of stem cell divisions in the Drosophila male germ line. The mother centrosome remains anchored near the niche while the daughter centrosome migrates to the opposite side of the cell before spindle formation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563045/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563045/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yamashita, Yukiko M -- Mahowald, Anthony P -- Perlin, Julie R -- Fuller, Margaret T -- P01 DK053074/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK53074/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 26;315(5811):518-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5329, USA. yukikomy@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17255513" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adherens Junctions/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Division ; Centrioles/physiology ; Centrosome/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Drosophila Proteins/analysis/genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Germ Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Interphase ; Male ; Microtubules/physiology/ultrastructure ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/analysis ; Spindle Apparatus/physiology ; Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: When food is plentiful, circadian rhythms of animals are powerfully entrained by the light-dark cycle. However, if animals have access to food only during their normal sleep cycle, they will shift most of their circadian rhythms to match the food availability. We studied the basis for entrainment of circadian rhythms by food and light in mice with targeted disruption of the clock gene Bmal1, which lack circadian rhythmicity. Injection of a viral vector containing the Bmal1 gene into the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus restored light-entrainable, but not food-entrainable, circadian rhythms. In contrast, restoration of the Bmal1 gene only in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus restored the ability of animals to entrain to food but not to light. These results demonstrate that the dorsomedial hypothalamus contains a Bmal1-based oscillator that can drive food entrainment of circadian rhythms.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3489954/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3489954/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fuller, Patrick M -- Lu, Jun -- Saper, Clifford B -- HL07901-08/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL60292/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS051609/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS057119/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS33987/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50 HL060292-08/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS033987/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS033987-11/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1074-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1153277.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, and Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497298" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ARNTL Transcription Factors ; Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology ; Biological Clocks/*physiology ; Body Temperature ; Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus/*metabolism ; *Food ; Gene Expression ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; *Light ; Mice ; Motor Activity ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; Period Circadian Proteins ; Starvation ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: Initiatives to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) are providing increasing incentives for forest protection. The collateral benefits for biodiversity depend on the extent to which emissions reductions and biodiversity conservation can be achieved in the same places. Globally, we demonstrate spatial trade-offs in allocating funds to protect forests for carbon and biodiversity and show that cost-effective spending for REDD would protect relatively few species of forest vertebrates. Because trade-offs are nonlinear, we discover that minor adjustments to the allocation of funds could double the biodiversity protected by REDD, while reducing carbon outcomes by only 4 to 8%.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Venter, Oscar -- Laurance, William F -- Iwamura, Takuya -- Wilson, Kerrie A -- Fuller, Richard A -- Possingham, Hugh P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 4;326(5958):1368. doi: 10.1126/science.1180289.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Ecology Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. oventer@uq.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965752" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; *Biodiversity ; *Carbon ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Developing Countries ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Statistical ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-05-04
    Description: Flies are among the most agile flying creatures on Earth. To mimic this aerial prowess in a similarly sized robot requires tiny, high-efficiency mechanical components that pose miniaturization challenges governed by force-scaling laws, suggesting unconventional solutions for propulsion, actuation, and manufacturing. To this end, we developed high-power-density piezoelectric flight muscles and a manufacturing methodology capable of rapidly prototyping articulated, flexure-based sub-millimeter mechanisms. We built an 80-milligram, insect-scale, flapping-wing robot modeled loosely on the morphology of flies. Using a modular approach to flight control that relies on limited information about the robot's dynamics, we demonstrated tethered but unconstrained stable hovering and basic controlled flight maneuvers. The result validates a sufficient suite of innovations for achieving artificial, insect-like flight.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ma, Kevin Y -- Chirarattananon, Pakpong -- Fuller, Sawyer B -- Wood, Robert J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 3;340(6132):603-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1231806.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. kevinma@seas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23641114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Biomimetic Materials ; *Diptera/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Drosophila/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Flight, Animal ; Miniaturization ; Muscles/physiology ; *Robotics ; Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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