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  • 1
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    The effective fine-structure constant of freestanding graphene measured in graphite (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-06
    Description: Electrons in graphene behave like Dirac fermions, permitting phenomena from high-energy physics to be studied in a solid-state setting. A key question is whether or not these fermions are critically influenced by Coulomb correlations. We performed inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on crystals of graphite and applied reconstruction algorithms to image the dynamical screening of charge in a freestanding graphene sheet. We found that the polarizability of the Dirac fermions is amplified by excitonic effects, improving screening of interactions between quasiparticles. The strength of interactions is characterized by a scale-dependent, effective fine-structure constant, alpha(g)* (k,omega), the value of which approaches 0.14 +/- 0.092 ~ 1/7 at low energy and large distances. This value is substantially smaller than the nominal alpha(g) = 2.2, suggesting that, on the whole, graphene is more weakly interacting than previously believed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reed, James P -- Uchoa, Bruno -- Joe, Young Il -- Gan, Yu -- Casa, Diego -- Fradkin, Eduardo -- Abbamonte, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 5;330(6005):805-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1190920.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Island biogeography reveals the deep history of SIV (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-18
    Description: Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) lineages have been identified that are endemic to Bioko Island. The time the island formed offers a geological time scale calibration point for dating the most recent common ancestor of SIV. The Bioko viruses cover the whole range of SIV genetic diversity, and each Bioko SIV clade is most closely related to viruses circulating in hosts of the same genus on the African mainland rather than to SIVs of other Bioko species. Our phylogeographic approach establishes that SIV is ancient and at least 32,000 years old. Our conservative calibration point and analyses of gene sequence saturation and dating bias suggest it may be much older.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Worobey, Michael -- Telfer, Paul -- Souquiere, Sandrine -- Hunter, Meredith -- Coleman, Clint A -- Metzger, Michael J -- Reed, Patricia -- Makuwa, Maria -- Hearn, Gail -- Honarvar, Shaya -- Roques, Pierre -- Apetrei, Cristian -- Kazanji, Mirdad -- Marx, Preston A -- 1R01AI27698/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 1R01AI44596/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 17;329(5998):1487. doi: 10.1126/science.1193550.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cercopithecidae/*virology ; Cercopithecus/virology ; Colobus/virology ; Equatorial Guinea ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, pol ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Mandrillus/virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*classification/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Adherence of group A streptococci to pharyngeal cells: a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-08-04
    Description: We used an assay in vitro to investigate the possible role of streptococcal adherence to human pharyngeal cells in the pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever. There was no difference in adherence of rheumatic fever-associated and non-associated strains of group A streptococci to pooled pharyngeal cells of normal people. Likewise, streptococci not associated with rheumatic fever adhered equally well to cells taken from normal people and from patients with rheumatic heart disease. However, the pharyngeal cells of all nine rheumatic heart disease patients tested had increased avidity for adherence for a rheumatic fever-associated strain of streptococcus compared to the pharyngeal cells obtained from age- and sex-matched controls. Increased streptococcal adherence to pharyngeal cells of rheumatic fever-prone patients may play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Selinger, D S -- Julie, N -- Reed, W P -- Williams, R C Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Aug 4;201(4354):455-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/351810" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pharyngeal Diseases/complications/microbiology ; Pharynx/*microbiology ; Rheumatic Fever/*etiology/microbiology ; Streptococcus pyogenes/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular fracture in natural rubber during tensile testing at low temperaturesPaper presented at the Symposium on Mechano-Chemistry of Polymers, American Chemical Society National Meeting, Washington, D.C., September 16, 1971. (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 10 (1972), S. 585-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Sulfur-cured natural rubber and other elastomers subjected to tensile tests at low temperatures and low strain rates are found to swell and “foam” after testing when brought to room temperature. The conditions under which this phenomenon can occur are established and related to load-extension curves. Free radicals formed during tensile testing are studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) techniques. It is found that the free radicals observed at the low temperatures are stable below the glass transition temperature of the material, and it is suggested that these radicals arise from mainchain fracture occurring during yielding of the material. The subsequent swelling at higher temperatures is found to be due to the expansion of environmental gases absorbed during tensile testing and to the release of hydrogen in certain cases from the materials tested. It is also suggested that yielding of the material which gives rise to these characteristics occurs by crazing of the material; the voids in the craze bands absorbing the environmental gases which subsequently cause the foaming at higher temperatures.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1972.160100402
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Free radical formation in oriented polybutadiene during mechanical deformation below Tg (1974)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 22-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile behavior of oriented polybutadiene at 83°K is systematically studied as a function of strain rate and pre-test orientation. Electron spin resonance studies of radical formation are made in conjunction with the mechanical tests. Three different modes of mechanical behavior are observed (brittle, crazing and a second ductile behavior without crazing), depending on test conditions. Radical formation is observed in association with the two ductile modes of behavior. The ESR spectra obtained are attributed to a combination of allyl radicals formed by chain scission between the α-methylene groups and peroxy radicals. The relative quantity of the two radical species present is thought to be related to the ratio of cis/trans-isomerism. Stability of the radicals observed with time and with an increase in temperature is studied. Further studies are made of the quantity of environmental test gases absorbed during crazing.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760140105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact failure of poly(methyl methacrylate) (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46 (1992), S. 2131-2137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Damage development during instrumented falling weight impact (IFWIM) testing of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is recorded using short pulse photography. The first visible damage is cracking on application of the peak force. Finite element analysis predicts the deformation and state of stress throughout the specimen until the first point of failure is reached. A variation in the specimen geometry produces a significant change in initial failure energy, while the maximum tensile stress is approximately constant. The proposed failure criterion is the attainment of a critical time-dependent value of tensile stress. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070461209
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen evolution from natural rubber during tensile tests (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 5 (1967), S. 317-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.110050408
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact damage in a composite materialPresented in part at the 8th Int. Conference Deformation, Yield and Fracture of Polymers, Cambridge, U.K. (1991). (1993)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 14 (1993), S. 286-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Damage development in plates of a glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene is recorded, using short pulse photography, during instrumented falling weight tests using the excess energy approach. It is seen that the damage is progressive throughout the test but its initiation cannot be detected either by freeze-frame photography or visual observation. Specimens are therefore subjected to low-energy impact followed by microscopic observation of the tensile face. It is found that the initial damage mechanism is cracking of the matrix at the fiber-matrix interface, the crack propagating along the fiber. The finite element method is used to estimate the stress distributions at damage initiation in 4-ply and 8-ply samples cut from unidirectional and cross-ply plaques. The computed results indicate that initial damage occurs when the transverse tensile stress reaches a critical value.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750140403
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