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  • 1
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    Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-11
    Description: The urban heat island (UHI), a common phenomenon in which surface temperatures are higher in urban areas than in surrounding rural areas, represents one of the most significant human-induced changes to Earth's surface climate. Even though they are localized hotspots in the landscape, UHIs have a profound impact on the lives of urban residents, who comprise more than half of the world's population. A barrier to UHI mitigation is the lack of quantitative attribution of the various contributions to UHI intensity (expressed as the temperature difference between urban and rural areas, DeltaT). A common perception is that reduction in evaporative cooling in urban land is the dominant driver of DeltaT (ref. 5). Here we use a climate model to show that, for cities across North America, geographic variations in daytime DeltaT are largely explained by variations in the efficiency with which urban and rural areas convect heat to the lower atmosphere. If urban areas are aerodynamically smoother than surrounding rural areas, urban heat dissipation is relatively less efficient and urban warming occurs (and vice versa). This convection effect depends on the local background climate, increasing daytime DeltaT by 3.0 +/- 0.3 kelvin (mean and standard error) in humid climates but decreasing DeltaT by 1.5 +/- 0.2 kelvin in dry climates. In the humid eastern United States, there is evidence of higher DeltaT in drier years. These relationships imply that UHIs will exacerbate heatwave stress on human health in wet climates where high temperature effects are already compounded by high air humidity and in drier years when positive temperature anomalies may be reinforced by a precipitation-temperature feedback. Our results support albedo management as a viable means of reducing DeltaT on large scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhao, Lei -- Lee, Xuhui -- Smith, Ronald B -- Oleson, Keith -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 10;511(7508):216-9. doi: 10.1038/nature13462.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China [2] School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. ; Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. ; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25008529" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cities ; *Climate ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Humidity ; *Models, Theoretical ; North America ; Population Density
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Seismicity remotely triggered by the magnitude 7.3 landers, california, earthquake (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-06-11
    Description: The magnitude 7.3 Landers earthquake of 28 June 1992 triggered a remarkably sudden and widespread increase in earthquake activity across much of the western United States. The triggered earthquakes, which occurred at distances up to 1250 kilometers (17 source dimensions) from the Landers mainshock, were confined to areas of persistent seismicity and strike-slip to normal faulting. Many of the triggered areas also are sites of geothermal and recent volcanic activity. Static stress changes calculated for elastic models of the earthquake appear to be too small to have caused the triggering. The most promising explanations involve nonlinear interactions between large dynamic strains accompanying seismic waves from the mainshock and crustal fluids (perhaps including crustal magma).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hill, D P -- Reasenberg, P A -- Michael, A -- Arabaz, W J -- Beroza, G -- Brumbaugh, D -- Brune, J N -- Castro, R -- Davis, S -- Depolo, D -- Ellsworth, W L -- Gomberg, J -- Harmsen, S -- House, L -- Jackson, S M -- Johnston, M J -- Jones, L -- Keller, R -- Malone, S -- Munguia, L -- Nava, S -- Pechmann, J C -- Sanford, A -- Simpson, R W -- Smith, R B -- Stark, M -- Stickney, M -- Vidal, A -- Walter, S -- Wong, V -- Zollweg, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 11;260(5114):1617-23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17810202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Accelerated uplift and magmatic intrusion of the Yellowstone caldera, 2004 to 2006 (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-11-10
    Description: The Yellowstone caldera began a rapid episode of ground uplift in mid-2004, revealed by Global Positioning System and interferometric synthetic aperture radar measurements, at rates up to 7 centimeters per year, which is over three times faster than previously observed inflation rates. Source modeling of the deformation data suggests an expanding volcanic sill of approximately 1200 square kilometers at a 10-kilometer depth beneath the caldera, coincident with the top of a seismically imaged crustal magma chamber. The modeled rate of source volume increase is 0.1 cubic kilometer per year, similar to the amount of magma intrusion required to supply the observed high heat flow of the caldera. This evidence suggests magma recharge as the main mechanism for the accelerated uplift, although pressurization of magmatic fluids cannot be ruled out.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chang, Wu-Lung -- Smith, Robert B -- Wicks, Charles -- Farrell, Jamie M -- Puskas, Christine M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 9;318(5852):952-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. wchang@earth.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991858" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Volcanology. The Yellowstone magmatic system from the mantle plume to the upper crust (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-25
    Description: The Yellowstone supervolcano is one of the largest active continental silicic volcanic fields in the world. An understanding of its properties is key to enhancing our knowledge of volcanic mechanisms and corresponding risk. Using a joint local and teleseismic earthquake P-wave seismic inversion, we revealed a basaltic lower-crustal magma body that provides a magmatic link between the Yellowstone mantle plume and the previously imaged upper-crustal magma reservoir. This lower-crustal magma body has a volume of 46,000 cubic kilometers, ~4.5 times that of the upper-crustal magma reservoir, and contains a melt fraction of ~2%. These estimates are critical to understanding the evolution of bimodal basaltic-rhyolitic volcanism, explaining the magnitude of CO2 discharge, and constraining dynamic models of the magmatic system for volcanic hazard assessment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Hsin-Hua -- Lin, Fan-Chi -- Schmandt, Brandon -- Farrell, Jamie -- Smith, Robert B -- Tsai, Victor C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 15;348(6236):773-6. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa5648. Epub 2015 Apr 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. hsinhua.huang@utah.edu. ; Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. ; Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25908659" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Recent crustal uplift in yellowstone national park (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-12-07
    Description: Comparison of precise leveling measurements made in 1923 with those made in 1975, 1976, and 1977 reveals that the 600,000-year-old Yellowstone caldera is being uplifted relative to its surroundings. Maximum relative uplift since 1923 is in excess of 700 millimeters-about 14 millimeters vertically per year. The most likely cause of this rapid and unusually large surface deformation is a recent influx of molten or partially molten materials to a location within the crust beneath Yellowstone National Park.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pelton, J R -- Smith, R B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Dec 7;206(4423):1179-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17760116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Pollen feeding in an orb-weaving spider (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-12-14
    Description: Juvenile orb-weaving spiders appear in spring, when insect prey are scarce but when aerial plankton, such as pollen and fungus spores, is abundant. Microscopic organic matter may be the main food of orb-weaving spiderlings, with insects providing only a dietary supplement. Pollen, which is caught on the sticky spirals of Araneus diadematus orb webs, doubles the life expectancy of spiderlings and alters their web-spinning behavior, so that they spin more frequently than do fasting controls. Fungus spores do not have the same nutritional value as pollen and may be deleterious to the spiderlings.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, R B -- Mommsen, T P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Dec 14;226(4680):1330-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17832631" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Climate change and the threat of novel marine predators in Antarctica (2017)
    Wiley
    In: Ecosphere
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-01
    Description: Historically low temperatures have severely limited skeleton-breaking predation on the Antarctic shelf, facilitating the evolution of a benthic fauna poorly defended against durophagy. Now, rapid warming of the Southern Ocean is restructuring Antarctic marine ecosystems as conditions become favorable for range expansions. Populations of the lithodid crab Paralomis birsteini currently inhabit some areas of the continental slope off Antarctica. They could potentially expand along the slope and upward to the outer continental shelf, where temperatures are no longer prohibitively low. We identified two sites inhabited by different densities of lithodids in the slope environment along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Analysis of the gut contents of P. birsteini trapped on the slope revealed them to be opportunistic invertivores. The abundances of three commonly eaten, eurybathic taxa—ophiuroids, echinoids, and gastropods—were negatively associated with P. birsteini off Marguerite Bay, where lithodid densities averaged 4280 ind/km 2 at depths of 1100–1499 m (range 3440–5010 ind/km 2 ), but not off Anvers Island, where lithodid densities were lower, averaging 2060 ind/km 2 at these depths (range 660–3270 ind/km 2 ). Higher abundances of lithodids appear to exert a negative effect on invertebrate distribution on the slope. Lateral or vertical range expansions of P. birsteini at sufficient densities could substantially reduce populations of their benthic prey off Antarctica, potentially exacerbating the direct impacts of rising temperatures on the distribution and diversity of the contemporary shelf benthos.
    Electronic ISSN: 2150-8925
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 8
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    Soil Water Content: Microwave Oven Method (1974)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1974-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0361-5995
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0661
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    Selected Chemical and Physical Properties of Soils Manifesting Cotton Root Rot 1 (1987)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-1962
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0645
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    Relation of Topography and Vegetation to the Occurrence of Douglas-Fir Dwarf Mistletoe at Its Northern Limits in British Columbia (1972)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1972-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of Ecological Society of America.
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