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  • National Academy of Sciences  (61)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (27)
  • 1
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    Global modeling of natures contributions to people (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉The magnitude and pace of global change demand rapid assessment of nature and its contributions to people. We present a fine-scale global modeling of current status and future scenarios for several contributions: water quality regulation, coastal risk reduction, and crop pollination. We find that where people’s needs for nature are now greatest, nature’s ability to meet those needs is declining. Up to 5 billion people face higher water pollution and insufficient pollination for nutrition under future scenarios of land use and climate change, particularly in Africa and South Asia. Hundreds of millions of people face heightened coastal risk across Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas. Continued loss of nature poses severe threats, yet these can be reduced 3- to 10-fold under a sustainable development scenario.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Structural basis for complement factor I control and its disease-associated sequence polymorphisms [Immunology] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-03
    Description: The complement system is a key component of innate and adaptive immune responses. Complement regulation is critical for prevention and control of disease. We have determined the crystal structure of the complement regulatory enzyme human factor I (fI). FI is in a proteolytically inactive form, demonstrating that it circulates in a zymogen-like state despite being fully processed to the mature sequence. Mapping of functional data from mutants of fI onto the structure suggests that this inactive form is maintained by the noncatalytic heavy-chain allosterically modulating activity of the light chain. Once the ternary complex of fI, a cofactor and a substrate is formed, the allosteric inhibition is released, and fI is oriented for cleavage. In addition to explaining how circulating fI is limited to cleaving only C3b/C4b, our model explains the molecular basis of disease-associated polymorphisms in fI and its cofactors.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    HIF1{alpha} is required for postmenopausal osteoporosis [Medical Sciences] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-09
    Description: In women, estrogen deficiency after menopause frequently accelerates osteoclastic bone resorption, leading to osteoporosis, the most common skeletal disorder. However, mechanisms underlying osteoporosis resulting from estrogen deficiency remain largely unknown. Here we show that in bone-resorbing osteoclasts, estrogen-dependent destabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α), which is unstable in the...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 4
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    Regulation of cyclic and linear electron flow in higher plants [Plant Biology] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-10
    Description: Cyclic electron flow is increasingly recognized as being essential in plant growth, generating a pH gradient across thylakoid membrane (ΔpH) that contributes to ATP synthesis and triggers the protective process of nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) under stress conditions. Here, we report experiments demonstrating the importance of that ΔpH in protecting plants from stress and relating to the regulation of cyclic relative to linear flow. In leaves infiltrated with low concentrations of nigericin, which dissipates the ΔpH without significantly affecting the potential gradient, thereby maintaining ATP synthesis, the extent of NPQ was markedly lower, reflecting the lower ΔpH. At the same time, the photosystem (PS) I primary donor P700 was largely reduced in the light, in contrast to control conditions where increasing light progressively oxidized P700, due to down-regulation of the cytochrome bf complex. Illumination of nigericin-infiltrated leaves resulted in photoinhibition of PSII but also, more markedly, of PSI. Plants lacking ferredoxin (Fd) NADP oxidoreductase (FNR) or the polypeptide proton gradient regulation 5 (PGR5) also show reduction of P700 in the light and increased sensitivity to PSI photoinhibition, demonstrating that the regulation of the cytochrome bf complex (cyt bf) is essential for protection of PSI from light stress. The formation of a ΔpH is concluded to be essential to that regulation, with cyclic electron flow playing a vital, previously poorly appreciated role in this protective process. Examination of cyclic electron flow in plants with a reduced content of FNR shows that these antisense plants are less able to maintain a steady rate of this pathway. This reduction is suggested to reflect a change in the distribution of FNR from cyclic to linear flow, likely reflecting the formation or disassembly of FNR–cytochrome bf complex.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
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    Structure of TYK2 pseudokinase-kinase [Biochemistry] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-04
    Description: Janus kinases (JAKs) are receptor-associated multidomain tyrosine kinases that act downstream of many cytokines and interferons. JAK kinase activity is regulated by the adjacent pseudokinase domain via an unknown mechanism. Here, we report the 2.8-Å structure of the two-domain pseudokinase–kinase module from the JAK family member TYK2 in its autoinhibited...
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    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 6
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    Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: Within the endemic invertebrate faunas of hydrothermal vents, five biogeographic provinces are recognized. Invertebrates at two Indian Ocean vent fields (Kairei and Edmond) belong to a sixth province, despite ecological settings and invertebrate-bacterial symbioses similar to those of both western Pacific and Atlantic vents. Most organisms found at these Indian Ocean vent fields have evolutionary affinities with western Pacific vent faunas, but a shrimp that ecologically dominates Indian Ocean vents closely resembles its Mid-Atlantic counterpart. These findings contribute to a global assessment of the biogeography of chemosynthetic faunas and indicate that the Indian Ocean vent community follows asymmetric assembly rules biased toward Pacific evolutionary alliances.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Dover, C L -- Humphris, S E -- Fornari, D -- Cavanaugh, C M -- Collier, R -- Goffredi, S K -- Hashimoto, J -- Lilley, M D -- Reysenbach, A L -- Shank, T M -- Von Damm, K L -- Banta, A -- Gallant, R M -- Gotz, D -- Green, D -- Hall, J -- Harmer, T L -- Hurtado, L A -- Johnson, P -- McKiness, Z P -- Meredith, C -- Olson, E -- Pan, I L -- Turnipseed, M -- Won, Y -- Young, C R 3rd -- Vrijenhoek, R C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 26;294(5543):818-23. Epub 2001 Sep 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA. cindy_vandover@wm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557843" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/classification/isolation & purification ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Decapoda (Crustacea)/classification/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Euryarchaeota/classification/isolation & purification/physiology ; Geography ; *Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Hot Temperature ; Invertebrates/classification/microbiology/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mollusca/classification/physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater ; Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Hydrothermal systems. Stirring the oceanic incubator (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dziak, Robert P -- Johnson, H Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 24;296(5572):1406-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12029115" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Pacific Ocean ; Photosynthesis ; Pressure ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    TNF-alpha induction of CD44-mediated leukocyte adhesion by sulfation (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-30
    Description: Regulation of cell adhesion is important for immune system function. CD44 is a tightly regulated cell adhesion molecule present on leukocytes and implicated in their attachment to endothelium during an inflammatory immune response. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not interferon-gamma, was found to convert CD44 from its inactive, nonbinding form to its active form by inducing the sulfation of CD44. This posttranslational modification was required for CD44-mediated binding to the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan and to vascular endothelial cells. Sulfation is thus a potential means of regulating CD44-mediated leukocyte adhesion at inflammatory sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maiti, A -- Maki, G -- Johnson, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 30;282(5390):941-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 300-6174 University Boulevard, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9794764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, CD44/*metabolism/physiology ; *Cell Adhesion ; Chlorates/pharmacology ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/physiology ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid/metabolism ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology ; Leukocytes/*physiology ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Sulfates/*metabolism ; Sulfotransferases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Islands, equilibria, and speciation (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cherry, Joshua L -- Adler, Frederick R -- Johnson, Kevin P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):975.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic, and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA. cherry@oeb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Birds/classification/genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Phylogeny ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; West Indies
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Gastrointestinal tract as a major site of CD4+ T cell depletion and viral replication in SIV infection (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: Human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) replicate optimally in activated memory CD4(+) T cells, a cell type that is abundant in the intestine. SIV infection of rhesus monkeys resulted in profound and selective depletion of CD4+ T cells in the intestine within days of infection, before any such changes in peripheral lymphoid tissues. The loss of CD4+ T cells in the intestine occurred coincident with productive infection of large numbers of mononuclear cells at this site. The intestine appears to be a major target for SIV replication and the major site of CD4+ T cell loss in early SIV infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Veazey, R S -- DeMaria, M -- Chalifoux, L V -- Shvetz, D E -- Pauley, D R -- Knight, H L -- Rosenzweig, M -- Johnson, R P -- Desrosiers, R C -- Lackner, A A -- AI25328/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI38559/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK50550/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 17;280(5362):427-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, 1 Pine Hill Drive, Post Office Box 9102, Southborough, MA 01772, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9545219" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/virology ; Colon/*immunology/virology ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Immunologic Memory ; Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/virology ; Intestine, Small/*immunology/virology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocytes/immunology/virology ; Lymphoid Tissue/immunology/virology ; Macaca mulatta ; Macrophages/virology ; Male ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*immunology/*virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Viral Load ; Virulence ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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