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  • Articles  (13,118)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (5,308)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • Blackwell Publishers Ltd
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (4,680)
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  • Articles  (13,118)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. An effective fertilizer recommendation system requires information on seasonal, soil-related and cultural variations in soil mineral nitrogen (N) and nutrient requirements of the crop. This can be provided by dynamic N turnover models, such as listed by Plentinger & Penning De Vries (1996). In this paper, we describe a survey of farmer opinion designed to ascertain what farmers want from such a decision support system. Over 100 farmers were surveyed. Surveyed farmers requested that default values be available for all model inputs. Inputs should be entered both by windows-based menu (for clarity) and tabular format (for speed), have user-selected units, and be fully supported by context-sensitive help. The system should have a hierarchical structure allowing access to fixed parameters, and be compatible with commonly used farm recording packages. Recommendations should be provided both for the field (single and optional application rates), and in tabular format across the whole farm. Simulations should be easily rerun using more recent crop and weather data. Turnover processes underlying recommendations should be illustrated by flow diagrams of flux between pools, pie charts of fertilizer fate, bar charts of movement down the soil profile and graphical plots of changes in N status against time.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 38 (1973), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 44 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of rate and pattern of fertilizer S application on herbage production from Perennial ryegrass-dominant swards at six potentially S-deficient sites in south-west Scotland were measured under a silage cutting regime (3 cuts year-1) with high fertilizer N application (300 kg ha−1 year-1). Fertilizer S (as gypsum) was applied at annual rates from 0 to 48 kg ha−1 as single spring applications before the first cut or split before each of the three cuts. The residual effect of S in the year following its application was assessed at one site.Applied S increased total DM production at four of the six sites. These increases were restricted to the second and/or third cuts and were generally in the range 10-30% greater than where no S was applied. Timing of S application was not important in influencing annual DM yield. The residual effect of gypsum in the year following application was small.The supply of available soil S is limiting herbage production in certain areas and soil types of south-west Scotland. Areas of S deficiency are likely to increase in the future and need to be identified more precisely than they are at present.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 45 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Permanently marked tillers of five perennial grasses, native to the mixed-grass prairie of North America, were monitored to determine patterns of defoliation, architectural attributes influencing probabilities of defoliation. and post-defoliation responses. Frequency of tiller defoliation was greatest for one of the dominant midgrasses, intermediate for the remaining midgrass and two dominant shortgrasses. and least for the subdominant midgrass. Midgrass species, including the infrequently grazed subordinate species, were consistently grazed more intensively than the shortgrass species. However, the relative intensity of defoliation did not vary among species or grazing periods indicating that intensity of defoliation was primarily a function of pre-defoliation tiller height. Tiller architecture, including height, lamina number and the presence of reproductive culms, did not significantly influence frequency or intensity of defoliation within a species. The lack of evidence supporting tiller architecture as a selection criterion within a species suggests that animals were selecting on vegetation parameters at higher levels of vegetation organization than individual tillers. Grazed tillers of the three midgrasses exhibited greater relative rates of tiller elongation between grazing periods than non-grazed tillers, particularly early in the season when environmental conditions for growth were most favourable. The patterns of interspecific tiller defoliation observed in this study parallel the long-term patterns of grazing-induced species replacement observed in this grassland.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Development of multiple insect resistance in tropical maize represents a major effort of the maize breeding programme at CIMMYT. Resistance to the southwestern corn borer (SWCB) is polygenically controlled with primarily additive gene action. Our main objective was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in resistance to SWCB. Other objectives were to detect QTL in the same population for plant height, female flowering, and the anthesis-silking interval (ASI). A population of 472 F2 individuals derived from a cross between the susceptible line Ki3 and the resistant inbred CML139, was restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genotyped using 110 maize probes. F3 families were rated for leaf-feeding damage after artificial infestation at one location in three consecutive years. Height and flowering were measured in protected trials in two locations. QTL analyses were conducted using joint composite interval mapping. Seven QTL on chromosomes 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9 explained 30% of the phenotypic variance (σ2p) for SWCB damage. Most QTL alleles conferring resistance were contributed from CML139. QTL showed dominance, partial dominance and additive gene action. Eleven QTL dispersed across the genome were determined to affect plant height and explained 43% of σ2p. Four of these were in close proximity to loci with qualitative effects on plant height. Thirteen QTL (50% of sigma;2p) were identified for days to female flowering and nine (30% of σ2p) for ASI. Our results, along with those from other mapping studies at CIMMYT, are allowing us to formulate marker-assisted selection schemes to complement the breeding efforts for such complex traits as borer resistance.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 118 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Variability for desirable alleles within elite breeding populations is a requirement for long-term genetic improvement. Changes in genetic diversity were evaluated in a recurrent selection programme for enhanced grain yield in oat, Avena sativa L., using coefficient of parentage (rp) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) based genetic similarity (S) estimates. Both rp and s increased during seven cycles of recurrent selection, indicating a reduction in the level of genetic diversity within the population. The relationship between genetic diversity and agronomic performance was also examined. Genetic similarity measures were poor predictors of the near-homozygous progeny performance and general and specific combining ability effects for three agronomic traits in the recurrent selection programme. In addition, there was no apparent trend for preferential selection of progeny from either more similar or more diverse parents within a given cycle of selection. The overall reduction in genetic diversity in this population has not affected selection response for grain yield. Variability remaining at important loci or de novo variation are possible explanations for the continued selection progress.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Hull thickness is an important component of seed quality, which effects dehulling ability, feed or food nutritional aspects and cooking times. A breeding objective in Lupinus angustifolius crop improvement is to reduce hull thickness and a rapid screening method is needed to efficiently screen genotypes. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging using infrared illumination at 980 nm was used to compare hull thickness of genotypes of four lupin species. OCT-derived hull layer thickness correlated highly with actual hull thickness determined by environmental scanning electron microscopy (r = 0.90) and allowed reliable distinction between mutant (thin-hulled) and parent genotypes of L. angustifolius. The imaging could clearly penetrate lupin seed to a depth of approximately 200 μm. The use of OCT to measure hull thickness has the advantage that it is rapid and non-destructive and should be very useful in selecting thin hull lines of lupins and other species on a single seed basis in germplasm or progeny from crosses.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 121 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Genetic variation for forage yield of orchardgrass is abundant, but there are few reports of progress from selection for increased forage yield. The objective of this study was to estimate direct effects of selection from one cycle of half-sib family selection for forage yield in orchardgrass. Eleven selected populations were compared with their parent populations within three maturity groups. Populations were evaluated under hay management at three locations and management-intensive rotational grazing at two locations. Nine of the 11 selected populations differed, by an average of 7.4%, from their parent population in forage yield. Nine of the selected populations also showed changes in Drechslera leafspot reaction, all indicating a negative genetic correlation with forage yield. Selection for high forage yield tended to result in greater ground cover and later relative maturity. However, changes in net herbage accumulation (NHA) under rotational grazing were generally not significant and were uncorrelated with changes in forage yield, indicating that forage yield of hay plots is not correlated with the NHA of grazed plots. Although genetic gains in forage yield measured under hay management were very favourable relative to other reports from the literature, the lack of correlated progress under grazing management indicates that directed selection for NHA of orchardgrass should be conducted under grazing management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 114 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Wild relatives are a potential source of genetic diversity to lentil (Lens culinaris Medik). The objective of this research was to obtain viable interspecific hybrids between the domesticated lentil and its wild relatives.The paper details the results of a number of interspecific crosses among L. culinaris, L. orientalis, L. odemensis, L. ervoides and L. nigricans. Viable hybrids were produced between L. culinaris × L. orientalis, L. culinaris × L. nigricans, L. culinaris × L. ervoides and between L. culinaris × L. odemensis. Further viable hybrids were obtained between L. culinaris and L. ervoides, which have the potential to be a ‘bridge’ in hybridization to L. culinaris for specific L. nicrigans lines which proved recalcitrant in L. culinaris × L. nigricans crosses. This is the first time that four wild species of lentils have been used successfully in hybridization with cultivated lentils, and viable hybrids produced. This paper also suggests that the artificial supplement of GA3, hormone is needed after fertilization for the normal growth of the hybrid embryo, possibly as the natural GA3 production is restricted with alien pollinations in cultivated lentils in both F1 and backcross hybrids.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 10 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Clostridium botulinum may pose a hazard in extended shelf-life refrigerated foods. Nonproteolytic strains ofC. botulinum, which can grow at refrigeration temperatures, may be given sufficient time to grow if the shelf-life is extensive. Proteolytic strains may grow in these products if temperature abuse occurs. Mild heat treatments and vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging may select for C. botulinum and allow toxicity to occur in organoleptically acceptable products. Multiple barriers and multifactorial experiments to generate predictive models are advocated to ensure safety of extended shelf-life refrigerated foods.
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