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  • American Geophysical Union  (23)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (8)
  • Geological Society of America (GSA)  (4)
  • 1
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    Three-dimensional textural and quantitative analyses of orogenic gold at the nanoscale (2016)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-23
    Description: Ore textures provide direct clues for tracking ore-forming processes. In this regard, most of our knowledge is generally based on two-dimensional (2-D) image analyses, leaving a considerable gap in comprehending three-dimensional (3-D) in-situ textural settings. Recent advances in lab-based and synchrotron radiation–based X-ray computed microtomography and nanotomography have made it possible to visualize and quantify rock volumes in a 3-D space. In this study, we first analyzed microscale textures in oriented drill cores from the world-class Suurikuusikko orogenic gold deposit of northern Finland using lab-based X-ray computed microtomography. The technique revealed a kinematic history and a number of in-situ 3-D quantitative aspects including size, shape, spatial distribution, and geometrical orientation of arsenopyrite and pyrite in a highly altered host-rock matrix. For 3-D nanotomography, the experimental procedure known as holotomography was adopted. Individual arsenopyrite crystals were separated and scanned with voxel sizes ranging from 50 nm to 150 nm using the X-ray nanoprobe beamline (ID16B) at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, France. This ultrahigh-resolution technique illustrated the 3-D distribution of micron- to nanoscale gold inclusions, mostly associated with primary rutile or along secondary microfractures inside arsenopyrite. The workflow, from micro- to nanotomography, outlined in this study offers an indispensable new technique in quantifying and characterizing 3-D textural settings of ores, which is otherwise impossible with conventional 2-D imaging devices. The method can also be highly useful in evaluating the amenability of ores to treatment with different processing options.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 2
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    Earthquakes. Himalayan seismic hazard (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bilham, R -- Gaur, V K -- Molnar, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1442-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. bilham@colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520972" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Continuous deformation versus faulting through the continental lithosphere of new zealand (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: Seismic anisotropy and P-wave delays in New Zealand imply widespread deformation in the underlying mantle, not slip on a narrow fault zone, which is characteristic of plate boundaries in oceanic regions. Large magnitudes of shear-wave splitting and orientations of fast polarization parallel to the Alpine fault show that pervasive simple shear of the mantle lithosphere has accommodated the cumulative strike-slip plate motion. Variations in P-wave residuals across the Southern Alps rule out underthrusting of one slab of mantle lithosphere beneath another but permit continuous deformation of lithosphere shortened by about 100 kilometers since 6 to 7 million years ago.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Molnar -- Anderson -- Audoine -- Eberhart-Phillips -- Gledhill -- Klosko -- McEvilly -- Okaya -- Savage -- Stern -- Wu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):516-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Quaternary Research Center and Geophysics Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1360, USA, and Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, US.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521344" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Comment on "Slip-rate measurements on the Karakorum Fault may imply secular variations in fault motion" (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-08-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, Erik T -- Molnar, Peter -- Bourles, Didier L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Aug 26;309(5739):1326; author reply 1326.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Large Lakes Observatory and, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA. etbrown@d.umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16123287" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Thinning and flow of Tibetan crust constrained by seismic anisotropy (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-13
    Description: Intermediate-period Rayleigh and Love waves propagating across Tibet indicate marked radial anisotropy within the middle-to-lower crust, consistent with a thinning of the middle crust by about 30%. The anisotropy is largest in the western part of the plateau, where moment tensors of earthquakes indicate active crustal thinning. The preferred orientation of mica crystals resulting from the crustal thinning can account for the observed anisotropy. The middle-to-lower crust of Tibet appears to have thinned more than the upper crust, consistent with deformation of a mechanically weak layer that flows as if confined to a channel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shapiro, Nikolai M -- Ritzwoller, Michael H -- Molnar, Peter -- Levin, Vadim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):233-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Imaging the Earth's Interior, Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. nshapiro@ciei.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247475" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Geologic evolution of northern tibet: results of an expedition to ulugh muztagh (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-01-16
    Description: A reconnaissance expedition across the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau revealed evidence of a late Cenozoic northward progression of the locus of crustal shortening and, therefore, of a northward growth of the area encompassed by the plateau. Active reverse faults crop out at the foot of the Altyn Tagh, on the northern edge of the plateau, and at the bases of several ranges within the Altyn Tagh and Kunlun, where the elevations of the neighboring basins are less than 4000 meters. Farther south, where elevations are higher, there was no evidence of recent faulting, but late Cenozoic rock in the Ayak Kum Kol basin has been strongly folded. South of this basin, Ulugh Muztagh, apparently the highest mountain in the eastern Kunlun, is underlain by late Miocene, tourmaline-bearing and two-mica granite. These rocks suggest that thickening of continental crust had begun in this area by late Miocene time. Overlying quartz-sanidine welded tuffs of Pliocene age imply that uplift and erosion occurred between Miocene and Pliocene time, but with little subsequent erosion. In addition, we found an east-west trending belt of mafic and ultramafic rock that probably marks a suture of a crustal fragment with southern Asia in Triassic or more recent time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Molnar, P -- Burchfiel, B C -- Ziyun, Z -- K'uangyi, L -- Shuji, W -- Minmin, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Jan 16;235(4786):299-305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17750385" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉The human impact on life on Earth has increased sharply since the 1970s, driven by the demands of a growing population with rising average per capita income. Nature is currently supplying more materials than ever before, but this has come at the high cost of unprecedented global declines in the extent and integrity of ecosystems, distinctness of local ecological communities, abundance and number of wild species, and the number of local domesticated varieties. Such changes reduce vital benefits that people receive from nature and threaten the quality of life of future generations. Both the benefits of an expanding economy and the costs of reducing nature’s benefits are unequally distributed. The fabric of life on which we all depend—nature and its contributions to people—is unravelling rapidly. Despite the severity of the threats and lack of enough progress in tackling them to date, opportunities exist to change future trajectories through transformative action. Such action must begin immediately, however, and address the root economic, social, and technological causes of nature’s deterioration.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Pleistocene drainage reorganization driven by the isostatic response to deep incision into the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (2014)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-15
    Description: Pleistocene drainage basin integration led to progressive excavation of Tertiary–Quaternary sedimentary basins along the Yellow River in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Cosmogenic burial dating of ancestral river deposits and basin fill from two key watershed divides confirms a fluvial connection between basins at 0.5–1.2 Ma, prior to excavation by the Yellow River. Preservation of the relict depositional surface that represents the maximum height of basin fill allows reconstruction of the volume of eroded material across a broad region. We quantify the isostatic response to this erosional unloading using a two-dimensional flexural model. Calculated maximum vertical displacements for different effective elastic thicknesses vary from ~160 m to ~260 m near the Pleistocene spillway from the Qinghai paleo-lake. We suggest that the isostatic response to fluvial excavation along the Yellow River defeated local tributaries, isolated Lake Qinghai, and led to the development of an internally drained basin in the past 0.5–1.2 m.y.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
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    Quaternary glaciation and the Great American Biotic Interchange (2016)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: Recent geological studies demonstrate that the Isthmus of Panama emerged some 10 m.y. earlier than previously assumed. Although absent today in Panama, Central American savanna environments likely developed in connection with the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciations. As is widely recognized, most of the mammals crossing the isthmus since 2.5 Ma lived in savannas. Could climate-induced vegetational changes across Panama explain the delayed migration of mammals, rather than terrestrial connectivity? We investigate the congruence between cross-continental mammal migration and climate change through analysis of fossil data and molecular phylogenies. Evidence from fossil findings shows that the vast majority of mammals crossed between South and North America after ca. 3 Ma. By contrast, dated mammal phylogenies suggest that migration events started somewhat earlier, ca. 4–3 Ma, but allowing for biases toward greater ages of molecular than geologic dating and uncertainties in the former, we consider this age range not to be significantly earlier than 3 Ma. We conclude that savanna-like environments developed in response to the vast Laurentide ice sheet at the first Quaternary glaciation triggered the initiation of the Great American Biotic Interchange in mammals.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 10
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    Late Quaternary slip rates of the thrust faults in western Hexi Corridor (Northern Qilian Shan, China) and their implications for northeastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau (2013)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geosphere
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-30
    Description: We determined vertical components of slip rates of 0.22 ± 0.03 mm a –1 for the Jiayuguan fault and 0.11 ± 0.03 mm a –1 for the Jintanan Shan fault, which lie along the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and in the western Hexi Corridor (Northern Qilian Shan, China). We used structural investigations, air-photo imagery analysis, topographic profiling, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, and 10 Be exposure dating. To quantify the slip rates along the faults, we identified and surveyed the well-preserved fault scarps, and we sampled quartz-rich pebbles and cobbles on fan surfaces and within ~2-m-deep pits to determine surface exposure ages and pre-depositional inheritance. Our slip rates pertain to the past ~115 ka. They are consistent with previous geological and GPS constraints that suggest that NNE–SSW shortening across the northeastern Tibetan Plateau has been distributed onto several active faults and that shortening is partitioned into low slip rates of ≤1 mm a –1 on each fault. We infer that the decreasing slip rate from 95°E eastward to the eastern end of the Altyn Tagh fault and the low slip rates of these thrust faults are related. The total shortening in the direction parallel to the Altyn Tagh fault in the Yumen Basin of 0.90–1.43 mm a –1 attests that left-lateral strike slip at the eastern end of the fault has indeed been absorbed by deformation within the Yumen Basin. We infer that the Tibetan Plateau continues to grow northeastward by thrust faulting at low rates and by folding on the northeastern edge of the Hexi Corridor basin.
    Electronic ISSN: 1553-040X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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