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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 74 (1997), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: mathematical programming ; discriminant analysis ; linear statistical models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Since the mathematical programming approach was proposed to solve discriminant analysis problems, a number of anomalies with this technique have been identified and remedied. However, the existence of alternative or multiple discriminant vectors and their impact has not been fully addressed. This article examines the significance of alternative discriminant vectors in LP models, characterizes the conditions under which they are generated, and proposes a regularization method to eliminate this undesirable outcome.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 100 (2000), S. 564-568 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Triticum aestivum ; Tritiam timopheevii ; Pm6 ; Introgression lines ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Pm6 in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), which was transferred from Triticum. timopheevii L., is a gene conferring resistance to the powdery mildew disease caused by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici. Six near-isogenic lines ( NILs ) of Pm6 in a cultivar ’Prins’ background were analyzed to map this gene using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Each of the six NILs possessed a T. timopheevii-derived segment, varying in length, and associated with powdery mildew resistance. Lines IGV1–465 (FAO163b/ 7*Prins) and IGV1–467 (Idaed 59B/7*Prins) had the shortest introgressed segments, which were detected only by DNA probes BCD135 and PSR934, respectively. The polymorphic loci detected by both probes were mapped to the long arm of chromosome 2B. Lines IGV1–458 (CI13250/7*Prins) and IGV1–456 (CI12559/8*Prins) contained the longest T. timopheevii segments involving both arms of donor chromosome 2G across the centromere. All these introgressed segments had an overlapping region flanked by the loci xpsr934 and xbcd135 on 2BL. Thus, Pm6 was located in this region since the powdery mildew resistance in all the NILs resulted from the introgressed fragments. Using the F2 mapping population from a cross of IGV1–463 (PI170914/7*Prins)×Prins, Pm6 was shown to be closely linked to the loci xbcd135 and xbcd266 at a genetic distance of 1.6 cM and 4.8 cM, respectively. BCD135 was successfully used in detecting the presence of Pm6 in different genetic backgrounds.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition ; Nitrile oxides ; Nitrones ; 4-Methylene-tetrahydrothiopyrane ; Spirothiacyclohexane ; AM1 calculations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Cycloaddition von Nitrilen und Nitriloxiden an 4-Methylen-tetrahydrothiopyran zeigt einen regioselektiven Verlauf unter Bildung der spiro-substituierten Isoxazolderivate4 und9. Die elektronischen Strukturen von Reaktanden, Energien von möglichen Reaktionsprodukten und die Aktivierungsbarrieren der durchgeführten Reaktionen wurden mittels semiempirischer Verfahren (AM1) untersucht, um die beobachteten eindeutigen Regioselektivitäten zu interpretieren. Es zeigte sich, daß dafür nicht ausschließlich Frontorbitalkontrolle, sondern vor allem elektrostatische und sterische Wechselwirkungen verantwortlich sind. Die Spiroverbindungen4 wurden in weiterer Folge durch Reduktion zu den entsprechenden γ-Aminoalkoholen11 gespalten, welche wiederum zu Spiro-oxazinen des Typs12 und13 recyclisiert wurden. Die Verbindungen4 und9 sind ebenso wie12 und13 Derivate von neuen heterocyclischen Grundsystemen.
    Notes: Summary The cycloaddition of nitrile oxides and nitrones to 4-methylene-tetrahydrothiopyrane proceeds regioselectively under the formation of spiro-substituted isoxazole derivatives4 and9. Semiempirical calculations (AM1) were used to analyze the electronic structure of reactants, energies of products, and activation barriers leading to these products in order to rationalize this exclusive regioselectivity. It was shown that the main factor responsible for the high stereoselectivity of this reaction is not frontier orbital control, but mainly electrostatic and steric interactions. The spiro compounds4 were cleaved by hydrogenolysis to γ-amino-alcohols11, which were recyclized to spiro-oxazines12 and13.4 and9 as well as12 and13 are derivatives of novel heterocylic systems.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition ; Nitrile oxide ; Nitrone ; 4,4-Methylene-1-methylpiperidine ; AM1 calculations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe von spiro-substituierten Isoxazolderivaten wurden durch 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition von Nitriloxiden und Nitronen an 4,4-Methylen-1-methylpiperidin erhalten. Da NMR-Studien ergaben, daß dabei nur eine der beiden denkbaren regioisomeren Strukturen entsteht, wurde versucht, diese regiochemische Preferenz durch Berechnung und Vergleich von aus halb-empirischen quantenmechanischen Methoden (AM1) ermittelten HOMO-LUMO-Energien und Koeffizienten zu erklären. Zusätzlich wurde an einem dieser Produkte dessen Stereochemie mittels Röntgenstrukturanalyse als einheitlich festgestellt, interpretierbar durch Vergleich der AM1-ermittelten ΔH f -Werte der in Frage kommenden Cycloaddukte.
    Notes: Summary A series of spiro-substituted isoxazole derivatives were synthesized by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrile oxides and nitrones to 4,4-methylene-1-methylpiperidine. Since nmr studies confirmed that only one regioisomer was formed selectively, semi-empirical quantum mechanical methods (AM1) were used to rationalize this regiochemical preference via calculation and inspection of HOMO-LUMO-energy and coefficients. X-ray structure analysis carried out for one of these products showed the occurrence of only one stereoisomer, explicable by comparing AM1-calculated ΔH f -values of all possible cycloadducts.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 125 (1994), S. 909-919 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Spiroheterocyles ; Reductive cleavage of isoxazolines ; Amino-alcohols ; Spiropiperidines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Zielverbindungen, d.h. 1,3-Oxazine mit einem Piperidinring als Spiro-Substituenten in 6-Stellung, leiten sich von 1-Oxa-3,9-diaza-spiro[5.5]undecan, einem neuen heterocyclischen Grundkörper, ab. Sie wurden alle mit Hilfe der folgenden dreistufigen Synthesefolge zugänglich gemacht: 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen von Nitriloxiden und Nitronen an Piperidinderivate mit einer exocylischen Methylengruppe gaben die entsprechenden spiro-substituierten Oxazolderivate3. Diese wurden anschließend hydrogenolytisch zu den γ-Aminoalkoholen4 gespalten, welche schließlich wieder unter Einschub von einem C-Atom zu den Zielstrukturen5–10 cyclisiert wurden: dadurch wurde einede facto-Ringerweiterung von Spiro-Oxazolen zu Spiro-Oxazinen erreicht.
    Notes: Summary The target compounds, i.e. 1,3-oxazines which are spiro-substituted in position 6 by a piperidine moiety, are derived from 1-oxa-3,9-diaza-spiro[5.5]undecane, a novel heterocyclic parent system. They were all approached by the following three-step sequence: 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrile oxides and nitrones to piperidines bearing an exocyclic methylene group gave the corresponding spiro-substituted oxazole derivatives3. In a consecutive step these were cleaved by hydrogenolysis to γ-amino-alcohols4, which in a final step were recyclized by insertions of a C1-unit to yield the target structures5–10: thus ade facto ring-extension of spiro-oxazoles to spiro-oxazines was accomplished.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 99 (2000), S. 263-272 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: 2D froth ; shell-structure analysis ; topological dislocation ; shell-structured inflatability ; topological inclusion ; froth dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The static and evolutionary properties of two-dimensional cellular structures, or froths, are discussed in the light of recent work on structuring of the froth into concentric shells. Of interest is the dual role of a topological dislocation (“defect”) in an otherwise uniform froth, considered both as a source of disorder and also as a source generating a shell-structured froth. We present simulations on an initially uniform hexagonal froth. A defect is introduced by forcing either a T1 or T2 process in the stable structure, after which the froth is allowed to evolve according to von Neumann's law. In the first case, topological inclusions are found in the first few layers early in the evolution. In the second case, no inclusions appear over the entire evolutionary period. The growing disorder (as measured by the second moment of the side distribution, μ 2) is isotropic. For the special case of a T2-formed froth in a uniform network, the SSI structure is retained with μ 2≠0 only for the zeroth, first, and second layers. The ratio between topological perimeter and radius of the shells is close to 6, the value for a hexagonal froth.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 47 (1997), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Pseudomonas sp. strain M285 immobilized on diatomaceous earth beads was used to remove 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) from industrial wastewater. Batch studies showed that immobilized Pseudomonas sp. strain M285 mineralized [2,6-14C]TCP rapidly; about 75% of the initial radioactivity was recovered as 14CO2. Transformation of TCP was inhibited by high concentrations of salt, and addition of osmoprotectants (proline and betaine at 1 mM) did not reduce the adverse effect of salt. TCP-containing wastewater (60–140 mg/l) was passed through columns containing immobilized Pseudomonas sp. strain M285 at increasing flow rates and increasing TCP concentrations; TCP removal of 80%–100% was achieved. Addition of nutrients, such as glucose and yeast extract, retarded TCP degradation. Growing cell cultures were found to be better inocula for immobilization than resting cells.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A hydride generation system using a small concentric hydride generator combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was established to determine tin, arsenic, bismuth and antimony in a marine sediment material with L-cysteine as a pre-reductant. Influences of concentrations of three kinds of acids (HCl, HNO3 and HClO4), L-cysteine, and sodium tetrahydroborate(III) as well as sodium hydroxide were investigated. The interferences from transition ions were found to be insignificant for determination of the four elements in presence of L-cysteine. Under optimized conditions the detection limits were 0.6 ng/mL for arsenic(III), 0.8 ng/mL for antimony(III), 1.7 ng/mL for tin(IV), and 1.2 ng/mL for bismuth(III). The method was applied to determine the four elements in standard marine sediment materials and the results were in agreement with certified values.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 26 (1991), S. 5060-5066 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A simple nitrate method has been evaluated for producing fine and uniform YBCO powders. A.c. susceptibility measurements have been used to investigate the influence of specific process parameters, i.e. reaction and sintering temperature. The results are correlated with microstructural analyses by SEM and TEM.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 15 (1996), S. 1824-1827 
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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