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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2137
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Zea mays L.) has greater yield potential when strip-intercropped than when monocropped, but this potential may be compromised by a failure to understand how N requirements change with row position and the possible N competition of adjacent crops. A four block, completely randomized, split-plot experiment was conducted on a Haig loam soil (fine, smetitic, mesic Vertic Argiaquolls) in southern Iowa, to determine crop utilization of N fertilizer point-injected into corn rows. Nitrogen fertilizer uptake was evaluated in (i) corn rows injected with labeled N fertilizer; (ii) corn rows adjacent to the injected rows; (iii) plants at the edge of the adjacent soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and oat (Avena sativa L.)-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) strips. Main treatments consisted of three tillage systems: conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no-till (NT). Subplot treatments consisted of point injection of 15N-enriched NH4NO3 (67 kg N ha-1) in-row at three row positions within the corn strips. Grain and stover yield, Kjeldahl N, and isotope composition of plant materials were determined. Corn yield and labeled-N recovery differed with tillage to the extent that tillage affected early and total season moisture availability. Labeled-N recovery in labeled rows did not differ with row position. Labeled-N recovery in unlabeled rows or crop border was typically less than 5% of that recovered by labeled rows. Nitrogen is primarily recovered by the row to which it is applied; therefore, row-by-row precision applications seem to be an appropriate management tool.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: insulin analogue ; insulin-like growth factor ; metabolic assay ; mitogenic assay ; synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An analogue of insulin in which the naturally occurring tyrosine residue in position B16 is replaced by a glutamine residue has been synthesized. Glutamine appears in the corresponding position in the B-domain of the insulin-like growth factors. This analogue displays 9% of the potency of insulin in binding to the insulin receptor from rat liver plasma membranes, 17% in stimulating the conversion of [3-3H] glucose into lipids in rat adipocytes, and 23% in insulin radioimmunoassay, but 40% of the potency of insulin in stimulating DNA synthesis in cultured chick fibroblasts. The analogue is a more potent mitogen than is a hybrid molecule which contains the A-chain of insulin and the entire B-domain sequence of IGF-I.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 557-579 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Tissue Culture ; Synapses ; Retinal Rods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Netzhäute von 2–3 Tage alten Ratten wurden in Plasma auf Deckgläsern in Rollerröhrchen zur Kultur angesetzt. Nach 7–17 Tagen in vitro wurden die Kulturen mit Aldehyden und Osmiumsäure fixiert und für elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung weiterverarbeitet. Gewebsquerschnitte (senkrecht zum Deckglas) zeigten histotypische Organisation, besonders in den dickeren Abschnitten der Explantate. Die Schichtung der Zellen entwickelte sich ganz ähnlich derjenigen in der Retina in situ aus dem relativ primitiven ausgepflanzten Netzhautepithel, jedoch enthielten die verschiedenen Schichten weniger Zellen als in der Retina in vivo. Alle Hauptnervenzelltypen konnten auf Grund ihrer Lokalisation und ihrer cytologischen Merkmale unterschieden werden. Die Entstehung von membranösen Lamellen in den Außengliedern der Sinneszellen konnte als Einfaltung der Plasmamembran beobachtet werden. Synaptische Bandkomplexe in ausgereifter Form wurden in der äußeren plexiformen Schicht nachgewiesen, während konventionelle Synapsen in der inneren plexiformen Schicht häufig angetroffen wurden. Synaptische Bänder waren ebenfalls in den Axonen bipolarer Zellen in der inneren plexiformen Schicht nachweisbar. Amakrine und Ganglienzellen waren in diesen Regionen ziemlich selten vertreten. Da die Untersuchung von nicht kultivierten Netzhäuten drei Tage alter Tiere keinerlei Synapsen zeigte, wird geschlossen, daß die Synapsen in den Kulturen in vitro entstanden sein müssen. Die Netzhaut stellt ein günstiges Modell für die Synaptogenese in vitro dar, indem sie verschiedene Vorzüge vor Explantaten aus anderen Regionen des Zentralnervensystems aufweist, nämlich eine klare Schichtung, zahlreiche identifizierbare Zellfortsätze mit charakteristischen synaptischen Beziehungen und eine wohl definierte Folge von Entwicklungsvorgängen.
    Notes: Summary Retinae from two- and three-day-old rats were explanted in plasma clots and grown in vitro with the flying coverslip method. After seven to seventeen days in culture, the retinal tissue was fixed with aldehydes and osmium tetroxide and embedded for examination with the electron microscope. Study of cross sections (perpendicular to the coverslip) revealed a histotypic pattern of organization, especially in the thicker regions of the explants. Layering of cells quite similar to that in the intact retina was seen to develop from the relatively primitive, explanted retinal epithelium. However, each layer contained fewer cells than its counterpart in vivo. All major neuronal cell types were distinguished by their location and cytological characteristics. Development of the saccules of sensory cell outer segments was observed to occur in vitro by an infolding of the plasma membrane. Synaptic ribbon complexes developed to the mature form in the outer plexiform layers, while conventional synapses were numerous in the inner plexiform layers. Synaptic ribbons were also seen in bipolar cell axons in the inner plexiform layers. Amacrine and ganglion cells in these regions were relatively sparse. A survey of posterior regions of noncultured three-day-old rat retinae showed no synapses of any sort; therefore the synapses in the cultures formed in vitro. The retina is recommended for studies of synaptogenesis in tissue culture, for it offers several advantages over expiants from other areas of the neuraxis, including a clear layering pattern, many identifiable cell processes with characteristic synaptic relationships between them, and a well-defined sequence of developmental events.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A simple, low cost TLC scanner system for the characterization of γ-emitting radiopharmaceuticals is described. The TLC γ scanner has a linear response range of ∼0.074 Mbq up to ≥2.94 Mbq. The accuracy and reproducibility of measurement is better than ±5% (relative). The utility of this TLC scanner system is demonstrated by application to the radioanalytical evaluation of99mTc(dmpe)2Cl 2 + preparations. A comparison with HPLC radioanalytical separations is made.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 12 (1994), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: pyrazine diazohydroxide ; phase I trial ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pyrazine diazohydroxide (NSC-361456) was identified as an active congener of pyridine 2-diazohydroxide with enhanced stability under physiologic conditions. In this phase I study, 35 patients with advanced cancer received 62 courses of PZDH administered intravenously every 3 weeks at doses ranging from 15–608 mg/m2. The dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression and the maximal tolerated dose was 487 mg/m2. Hematologie toxicity was delayed and prolonged with median time to recovery about 5 weeks. Mild gastrointestinal toxicity in the form of nausea and vomiting was fairly common. Ondansetron was effective in reducing nausea and vomiting at higher dose levels. Other less common reactions included stomatitis, diarrhea, fatigue, alopecia, and mild abnormalities of renal function and hepatic enzymes. PZDH pharmacokinetics were characterized in 16 patients who received doses of 100–608 mg/m2. Plasma elimination was fit to one (12/16) or two (4/16) compartment model with a mean k10 half-life of 11.5 min. Clearance was dose dependent. Hematologic toxicity was related to PZDH dose, AUC and peak plasma concentration. The sigmoidal relationships between hematologic toxicity and AUC or peak plasma concentration were well described by the Hill equation. There were no objective responses observed in this study. Based on this study, the recommended dose for phase II evaluation of PZDH using this schedule is 390 mg/m2.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 13 (1995), S. 175-176 
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: diaziquone ; AZQ ; GM-CSF
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diaziquone (AZQ) is a lipid soluble alkylating agent which was designed for increased CNS penetration. Its principle toxicity is myelosuppression. We conducted a phase I trial using AZQ in combination with GM-CSF to determine if the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) of AZQ could be escalated. Using GM-CSF on a standard schedule, we were unable to escalate the previously determined MTD of diaziquone with the use of this colony stimulating factor.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 9 (1991), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: batracylin ; preclinical pharmacology ; metabolism ; N-acetylation ; mice ; rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Batracylin (NSC-320846) is a quinalzolineone recently evaluated as a potential antitumor agent by the National Cancer Institute. The analog was active against a number of murine tumors, including colon adenocarcinoma 38 and multidrug resistant sublines of P-388 leukemia. Preclinical toxicity studies revealed that batracylin was much more toxic when administered orally to rats than to mice. The combined sex LD10 in mice was 5,655 mg/m2 while 576 mg/m2 was lethal to all rats treated at that dose. We determined that following oral administration of batracylin, systemic exposure of parent drug to the rat was only 14.9% of that to the mouse. It was subsequently noted that systemic exposure of a relatively non-polar metabolite was approximately 9 times greater in the rat than in the mouse. The metabolite was identified as N-acetylbatracylin by TLC, HPLC and mass spectral analyses. Observations by the National Cancer Institute that N-acetylbatracylin was not toxic following oral administration to mice or rats prompted evaluation of systemic exposure following oral administration to rats. Following oral administration of N-acetylbatracylin to rats, systemic exposure was almost nil. Indeed, exposure of rats to N-acetylbatracylin was several orders of magnitude greater following oral administration of six-fold lower doses of the parent drug, batracylin. Thus, N-acetylation may play a role in the toxicity of batracylin despite the lack of toxicity observed following oral administration of N-acetylbatracylin. In addition, further metabolism of the N-acetyl conjugate, analogous to that of other aromataic amines, may be involved in the pharmacology of batracylin and similar analogs.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems 2 (1999), S. 23-43 
    ISSN: 1573-7454
    Keywords: articulated agent control ; motor control ; robotics ; animation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We discuss the tradeoffs involved in control of complex articulated agents, and present three implemented controllers for a complex task: a physically-based humanoid torso dancing the Macarena. The three controllers are drawn from animation, biological models, and robotics, and illustrate the issues of joint-space vs. Cartesian space task specification and implementation. We evaluate the controllers along several qualitative and quantitative dimensions, considering naturalness of movement and controller flexibility. Finally, we propose a general combination approach to control, aimed at utilizing the strengths of each alternative within a general framework for addressing complex motor control of articulated agents.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: chromosome painting ; dog chromosomes ; flow karyotype ; flow sorting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures and duallaser flow cytometry, we have routinely obtained high-resolution bivariate flow karyotypes of the dog in which 32 peaks are resolved. To allow the identification of the chromosome types in each peak, chromosomes were flow sorted, amplified and labelled by polymerase chain reaction with partially degenerate primers and hybridized onto metaphase spreads of a male dog. The chromosome paints from 22 of the 32 peaks each hybridized to single homologue pairs and eight peaks each hybridized to two pairs. Paints from the remaining two peaks hybridized to only one homologue each in the male metaphase spread, thus corresponding to the sex chromosomes X and Y. All of the 38 pairs of autosomes and the two sex chromosomes of the dog could be accounted for in these painting experiments. The positions of chromosomes 1–21 were assigned to the flow karyotype (only chromosomes 1–21 have as yet been officially designated). The high-resolution flow karyotype and the chromosome paints will facilitate further standardization of the dog karyotype. The ability to sort sufficient quantities of dog chromosomes for the production of chromosome-specific DNA libraries has the potential to accelerate the physical and genetic mapping of the dog genome.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Polymorphism ; Allozymes ; Chromosomes ; Geographic variation ; Disruptive selection ; Morphological systematics ; Atheriniformes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Some populations of one or more species of the goodeid fish genusIlyodon in certain tributaties of Coahuayana and Armeriá rivers (.Jalisco and Colima, Mexico) are dichotomous with respect to morphological features that are presumptive trophic adaptations. A narrow mouth ‘morph’ (described asI. furcidens in the Río Armería) is sympatric with a broad mouth morph (namedI. xantusi). The morphs are additionally divergent in tooth and gill raker numbers and in coloration of mature males. Other populations are essentially continuous (nondichotomous') in these features. An extensive allozyme survey of sympatric narrow and broad mouth morphs from four localities in the Río del Tule (a tributary of the Río Tuxpan in the Río Coahuayana basin) revealed striking geographic variation in gene frequencies between populations but no differences between morphs at any one locality. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the morphs are components of the same gene pool, i.e. they are conspecific. This hypothesis receives additional support from analysis of the broods of field-impregnated females. A chromosomal polymorphism, probably involving pericentric inversions, exists at one or more sites in the Río del Tule system. Individuals have 0–4 metacentric chromosomes. The frequency distribution of metacentric chromosome phenotypes (homologs cannot be distinguished) at this site is divergent between the morphs. The chromosomal polymorphism of the Rio del TuleIlyodon appears to be part of a ‘step cline’ in the number of metacentrics among theIlyodon of the Rio Coahuayana basin. It is hypothesized that theIlyodon morphs in the Rio del Tule are in genetic contact, but that disruptive selection acts to eliminate individuals with intermediate trophic phenotypes. At one site, at least, the selection is sufficiently potent to foster chromosomal differentiation between the morphs. The biological basis of the natural selection is unknown, but availability of food resources is implicated by circumstantial evidence. The genetic basis of the morphological differentiation, including the possibility of an ecophenotypic component to the variation, is currently under investigation.
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