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  • Springer  (532)
  • Wiley  (238)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (36)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2018-01-20
    Description: Solar energetic particle events create radiation risks for aircraft, notably single event effects (SEEs) in microelectronics along with increased dose to crew and passengers. In response to this, some airlines modify their flight routes after automatic alerts are issued. At present these alerts are based on proton flux measurements from instruments on-board satellites, so it is important that contemporary atmospheric radiation measurements are made and compared. This paper presents the development of a rapid-response system built around the use of radiosondes equipped with a radiation detector, Zenith, which can be launched from a Met Office weather station after significant solar proton level alerts are issued. Zenith is a compact, battery-powered solid-state radiation monitor designed to be connected to a Vaisala RS-92 radiosonde which transmits all data to a ground station as it ascends to an altitude of ~33 km. Zenith can also be operated as a stand-alone detector when connected to a laptop, providing real-time count rates. It can also be adapted for use on unmanned aerial vehicles. Zenith has been flown on the Met Office Civil Contingency Aircraft (MOCCA), taken to the CERN-EU high energy Reference Field (CERF) facility for calibration and launched on a meteorological balloon at the Met Office's weather station in Camborne, Cornwall, UK. During this sounding, Zenith measured the Pfotzer-Regener maximum to be at an altitude of 18 - 20 km where the count rate was measured to be 1.15 counts s -1 cm -2 compared to 0.02 counts s -1 cm -2 at ground level.
    Print ISSN: 1539-4964
    Electronic ISSN: 1542-7390
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1954-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0016-7428
    Electronic ISSN: 1931-0846
    Topics: Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 12 (1977), S. 81-96 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An algorithm for determining all the extreme points of a convex polytope associated with a set of linear constraints, via the computation of basic feasible solutions to the constraints, is presented. The algorithm is based on the product-form revised simplex method and as such can be readily linked onto standard linear programming codes. Applications of such an algorithm are reviewed and limited computational experience given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 29-45 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGE) ; ag(e)ing ; aminoguanidine ; ascorbate ; autoxidation ; biomarker ; browning reaction ; chemical modification of proteins ; diabetes ; glycation ; glycoxidation ; nonenzymatic glycosylation ; oxidation ; Maillard reaction ; Aminoguanidin ; Ascorbat ; Autooxidation ; Biomarker ; Bräunungsreaktion ; chemische Veränderung vonProteinen ; Diabetes ; Glycosylierung ; Glycoxidation ; nichtenzymatische ; Glycosylierung ; Oxidation ; Maillardreaktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Maillard- oder Bräunungsreaktion genannten Umsetzungen zwischen reduzierenden Zuckern und Eiweiß führen zur chemischen Zerstörung der Aminosäuren und zum Verlust der Proteinqualität während der Lebensmittelbearbeitung und -lagerung. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt Befunde auf, daß die Maillardreaktion auch im Gewebe des Menschen bei der Alterung von Proteinen mit langer biologischer Halbwertszeit auftritt. Die Konzentrationen an den sogenannten Amadori-Produkten, die im Initialstadium der Maillardreaktion aus Glucose und den Proteinen der Augenlinse oder dem Kollagen der Haut entstehen, erwiesen sich als relativ konstant, auch mit zunehmendem Alter. Die Produkte der Glycosylierung und nachfolgenden Oxidation der Proteine, auch Glycoxidationsprodukte genannt, häufen sich dagegen im Alter an, und zwar bei Diabetikern in vermehrtem Maße. Zu diesen Produkten gehören die Aminosäurenderivate N-(carboxymethyl)-lysin (CML), N-(carboxymethyl)-hydroxylysin (CMhL) sowie das fluoreszierende Quervernetzungsprodukt Pentosidin. Während diese Glycoxidationsprodukte in den Körpergeweben nur in Spuren vorkommen, gibt es deutliche Hinweise auf die Anwesenheit weiterer Bräunungsprodukte, deren Charakterisierung jedoch noch aussteht. Es werden Möglichkeiten zur „Entgiftung“ der reaktiven Zwischenprodukte aus der Maillardreaktion sowie zum Abbau extrem gebräunter Proteine diskutiert sowie neuere Möglichkeiten zur therapeutischen Modulierung fortgeschrittener Stadien der Maillardreaktion aufgezeigt.
    Notes: Summary The Maillard or browning reaction between reducing sugars and protein contributes to the chemical deterioration and loss of nutritional value of proteins during food processing and storage. This article presents and discusses evidence that the Maillard reaction is also involved in the chemical aging of long-lived proteins in human tissues. While the concentration of the Amadori adduct of glucose to lens protein and skin collagen is relatively constant with age, products of sequential glycation and oxidation of protein, termed glycoxidation products, accumulate in these long-lived proteins with advancing age and at an accelerated rate in diabetes. Among these products are the chemically modified amino acids, Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)hydroxylysine (CMhL), and the fluorescent crosslink, pentosidine. While these glycoxidation products are present at only trace levels in tissue proteins, there is strong evidence for the presence of other browning products which remain to be characterized. Mechanisms for detoxifying reactive intermediates in the Maillard reaction and catabolism of extensively browned proteins are also discussed, along with recent approaches for therapeutic modulation of advanced stages of the Maillard reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 46 (1990), S. 361-378 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Travelling salesman problem ; probabilistic analysis ; heuristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Let the arc-lengthsL ij of a complete digraph onn vertices be independent uniform [0, 1] random variables. We consider the patching algorithm of Karp and Steele for the travelling salesman problem on such a digraph and give modifications which tighten the expected error. We extend these ideas to thek-person travelling salesman problem and also consider the case where cities can be visited more than once.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 64 (1994), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Random walks ; Totally unimodular matrices ; Uniform generation ; Linear programming ; Diameter of polytopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We discuss the application of random walks to generating a random basis of a totally unimodular matrix and to solving a linear program with such a constraint matrix. We also derive polynomial upper bounds on the combinatorial diameter of an associated polyhedron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 55 (1992), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Probabilistic analysis ; generalised assignment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We analyse thegeneralised assignment problem under the assumption that all coefficients are drawn uniformly and independently from [0, 1]. We show that such problems can be solved exactly with high probability, in a well-defined sense. The results are closely related to earlier work of Lueker, Goldberg and Marchetti-Spaccamela and ourselves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 24 (1982), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Lagrangian Subproblem ; Lagrangian Duality ; Non-linear Discrete Programming ; Separable Objective Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This note presents an efficient method for the routine solution of the subproblem associated with the Lagrangian dual of discrete programming problems having separable non-linear objective function and linear constraints. An additional advantage for subgradient methods is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: antiherbivore defenses ; Atta cephalotes ; Costa Rica ; herbivory ; leaf quality ; light levels ; native tropical trees ; plantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To examine the susceptibility of five Costa Rican tree species to leaf-cutter ants (Atta cephalotes L.: Formicidae, Attini), young and mature leaves from trees that were grown in a plantation under full sun and partial shade were offered to six leaf-cutter colonies located in full sun and six in patial shade. In addition to offering leaf disks to the ants, we offered large pieces of leaves to assess the effect of cutting leaves on food choices. Leaf-cutters responded differently to each plant species, preferring Virola koschyni Warburg (Myristicaceae) and Hyeronima alchorneoides Allemao (Euphorbiaceae) over Stryphnodendrum microstachyum Poeppig & Endlicher (Mimosoideae), Pentaclethra macroloba Willdenow (Fabaceae) and Vochysia ferruginea Martius (Vochysiaceae). In agreement with previous studies, interspecific differences among the tree species in water and saponin content appeared to account for the observed ant preferences among the five tree species: leaf-cutter ants preferred leaves and disks with more water and less saponins and the five tree species varied significantly in these traits. An observed positive correlation between preference and phenolic/nitrogen ratio appears to be spurious, and is instead due to a negative correlation between water content and nitrogen content. For the first time, Atta nest location has been shown to affect consumption: nests located in partial shade removed more leaf material than those from the sun plots. However, nest location had no effect on preference ranking of the tree species tested. Pieces of leaves from all the tree species grown in partial shade were significantly more removed than those trees grown in full sun. Leaf age, toughness, leaf specific weights, ant activity, and colony were not correlated with food choices. Because of the observed preferences, the five tree species should not be considered as equal candidates for plantation purposes. However, complete characterization of the candidate status of tree species for plantations in the neotropics must include information on the ability of such species to tolerate pest attacks in addition to their natural defenses to attack.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fire technology 13 (1977), S. 126-138 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Minimum concentrations of methyl bromide, bromotrifluoromethane, bromochlorodifluoromethane, and nitrogen that will ensure the extinguishment of the most stable liquid surface diffusion flame burning behind a flame holder have been determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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