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  • Organic Chemistry  (9)
  • Semi-arid shrubs  (2)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (9)
  • Springer  (2)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Physical Society
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Publisher
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (9)
  • Springer  (2)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Physical Society
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Browsing responses ; Semi-arid shrubs ; Nonstructural carbohydrate accumulation ; Regrowth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nonstructural carbohydrate allocation patterns in response to different frequencies of simulated browsing (leaf and twig removal) were studied in the following semi-arid shrubs: Osteospermum sinuatum, a dwarf deciduous shrub, Pteronia pallens, a dwarf evergreen shrub, and Ruschia spinosa, a dwarf leaf-succulent shrub. Simulated browsing at all frequencies resulted in the elevation, or had no effect, on total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations of O. sinuatum plant parts, and resulted in the decrease in TNC concentrations of R. spinosa plant parts. The responses of P. pallens were intermediate with elevations as well as declines in TNC concentrations of plant parts measured in response to various clipping frequencies. At the low frequency of simulated browsing (every 26 weeks) elevations in plant TNC content were measured in the two non-succulent shrubs O. sinuatum and P. pallens. It was concluded that the overcompensation with respect to TNC accumulation observed in the two non-succulent species represents one of the ways in which excess photosynthate is utilized by browsed shrubs with a limited regiowth potential. Simulated browsing was the least detrimental with respect to biomass production to the non-succulent O. sinuatum and P. pallens, and most injurious to the leaf-succulent shrub, R. spinosa. The observed TNC allocation patterns could not adequately explain the variation among species in the production of new growth and it was concluded that some factor(s) other than the carbon resource was limiting regrowth.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Induced defence ; Clipping ; Semi-arid shrubs ; Herbivore-deterrents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Allocation of carbon to chemical defences has often been suggested to be a direct response to browsing or grazing by herbivores. This study quantitatively compares total polyphenol and tannin production in response to simulated browsing of three karoo shrubs in order to test this induced defence hypothesis. The three species studied responded to browsing either by rapid regrowth or by increasing polyphenol production in the remaining tissues. The patterns did not follow any phylogenetic relationships but were weakly associated with the palatability of each species. The highly palatable deciduous species Osteospermum sinuatum, which is capable of rapid regrowth, showed no or very low levels of constitutive and browsing-induced total polyphenols, condensed tannins and protein-precipitating tannins. The evergreen sclerophyllous species Pteronia pallens showed a limited regrowth capacity and had intermediate levels of polyphenols, while the evergreen succulent species Ruschia spinosa showed almost no regrowth over the study period. R. spinosa contained the highest constitutive and browsing-induced levels of polyphenols, condensed tannins and protein-precipitating tannins. In two of the species more than one anti-herbivore defence feature co-occur. P. pallens foliage contains both hepatotoxins and polyphenols while R. spinosa has both structural (spines) and chemical defences. Responses of karoo shrubs to simulated browsing are interpreted as the result of passive alterations in plant chemistry rather than as an active defence response to herbivores.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 6 (1993), S. 685-689 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental gas-phase acidities are reported for a series of 4-substituted bicyclo [2.2.2] oct-1-yl carboxylic acids and for a limited number of the corresponding bicyclo [2.2.2] oct-2-enyl carboxylic acids. Similar acidities are also reported for additional 4-substituted benzoic acids, allowing a comparison of field and resonance effects between the three series. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations for these series of acids confirm the conclusion that the aromatic acids display direct field and resonance effects, whereas the acidities in the aliphatic series acids are largely determined by direct field effects.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 392 (1912), S. 215-244 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 406 (1914), S. 342-374 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird bei 1.4-Dihydro-pyridin-Verbindungen (PNH-ModellenAbkürzungen: PN = Pyridin-nucleotid; PNH = 1.4-Dihydro-PN; DPN(H) = Diphospho-PN(H); TPN(H) = Triphospho-PN(H); NMN = Nicotinamid-mononucleotid; DH = Dehydrogenase; DPNH-X = Produkt enzymatischer Einwirkung auf DPNH; Tris = α.α-Bis-hydroxymethyl-β-hydroxy-äthylamin., I) und deren primären Säureprodukten (II) der Einfluß der Substituenten in 1- und 3-Stellung (R1, R3) auf die Lage der längstwelligen UV-Absorptionsbande untersucht. Dabei ergibt sich, daß die Substituenten bei Dihydroverbindung und prim. Säureprodukt gleichsinnig wirken. Elektronenabstoßende Substituenten R1 verschieben nach längeren Wellen, elektronenabstoßende Substituenten R3 nach kürzeren. Dieser Befund wird durch ein vereinfachtes Elektronengasmodell gestützt.  -  Der Einfluß von R1 und R3 auf die Bildungsgeschwindigkeit des primären Säureprodukts wird bei verschiedenem pH und bei verschiedenem Ionengehalt unter-sucht. Dabei wird eine Beschleunigung durch Anionen festgestellt. Auch bei pH 〉 7 wird Säureprodukt gebildet, bei einigen Verbindungen bis pH 12. Elektronenabstoßende Substituenten R1 und R3 beschleunigen die Bildung des prim. Säureprodukts.  -  Außer Protonen reagieren gewisse Kationen und elektrophile Verbindungen mit DPNH bzw. PNH-Modellen: Hg2⊕, Hg22⊕, Formaldehyd, p-Toluolsulfochlorid, Chinon (z. T.), J2 und Br2 bilden bei pH 7 eine dem prim. Säureprodukt entsprechende Verbindung unter Aufhebung der Doppelbindung in 5.6-Stellung des Dihydropyridinrings, woraus zu schließen ist, daß sie an Stelle von H⊕ in Stellung 5 eintreten. Acetanhydrid wirkt substituierend ohne Aufhebung der Doppelbindung.  -  Ag⊕, Au3⊕ und Pd2⊕ bilden mit der Doppelbindung in 5.6-Stellung einen Komplex, analog der Bindung von Ag⊕ bzw. Pd2⊕ an äthylen (π-Komplex). Cu2⊕ und Li⊕ katalysieren die Bildung des prim. Säureprodukts. Ir4⊕, Ru4⊕, Br2, Chinon und Diazoniumsalz oxydieren zu DPN, ebenso Au3⊕ in Gegenwart von CN⊖.  -  Durch milde Säureeinwirkung auf das primäre Säureprodukt entsteht ein sekundäres Säureprodukt (III), dessen Spektrum bei pH 〉 7.7 von dem des primären nicht zu unterscheiden ist.  -  Auch Anionen wirken auf PNH und PNH-Modelle, indem sie die Säureproduktbildung beschleunigen oder sich addieren. Die Reihenfolge der Wirksamkeit ist: Sulfit 〉 Phosphat 〉 Arsenat 〉 Thioglykol 〉 Pyrophosphat, Citrat. Diese Anionen bilden bei pH 7 Produkte, die bei pH 3-4 in das prim. Säureprodukt zerfallen. Das Thioglykol-Addukt ist bei pH 3-4 noch stabil. Sulfit wirkt je nach Konzentration und pH-Bereich Addukt-bildend (pH 7-9) oder oxydierend (pH 4-6).  -  DPNH - X konnte auch nicht-enzymatisch hergestellt werden. Eine Formel für DPNH - X wird diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 700 (1966), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: β-Amino-carbonsäureäthylester bzw. 3-Amino-hexen-(2)-amino-carbonsäureäthylester setzen sich mit Imidsäureestern mittlerer Basizität zu 4-Hydroxy-pyrimidinen (Tab. 1) um. Schwach basische Imidsäureester reagieren nur zu den entsprechenden Amidinen (Tab. 2).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses in the Series of Indoles and Indole Alkaloids, XIII. Stability of 4a-Aminomethyl-carbazoleninesThe N-methyl-4a-aminomethylcarbazoleninium cation 5 is unstable and eliminates methyleneimine. The 4a-aminomethylcarbazolenines described are in reality the isomeric tetrahydrocarbazoles.
    Notes: Das N-Methyl-4a-aminomethyl-carbazoleninium-Kation 5 ist instabil und eliminiert Methylenimin. Bei den bisher beschriebenen 4a-Aminomethyl-carbazoleninen handelt es sich in Wirklichkeit um die isomeren Tetrahydrocarbazole.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 47 (1893), S. 401-413 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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