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  • 1
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    Academic Press
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. , ed. by Steele, J. H., Thorpe, S. A. and Turekian, K. K. Academic Press, Boston, pp. 211-225, 15 pp. 2nd ISBN 978-0-12-375052-5
    Publication Date: 2020-06-12
    Description: This article describes the geographical and bathymetric setting of the Arctic Ocean, its role in the larger Arctic Mediterranean Sea, and its connections to the World Ocean. The distribution and circulation of the different water masses are reviewed and mechanical and thermodynamic mixing processes are discussed. The climatic forcing and the recently observed variability of water mass characteristics are examined and the exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas and with the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are described. Finally the possible effects of changes in the global climate for the state of the Arctic Ocean and the significance of the Arctic Ocean in the climate system are discussed.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
    In:  EPIC3Arctic Climate Change: The ACSYS Decade and Beyond, Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library 43, Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
    Description: The chapter begins with an overview of the exploratory work done in the Arctic Ocean from the mid nineteenth century to 1980, when its main features became known and a systematic study of the Arctic Ocean evolved. The following section concentrates on the decade between 1980 and 1990, when the first scientific icebreaker expeditions penetrated into the Arctic Ocean, when large international programme were launched, and the understanding of the circulation and of the processes active in the Arctic Ocean deepened. The main third section deals with the studies and the advances made during the ACSYS decade. The section has three headings: the circulation and the transformation of water masses; the changes that have been observed in the Arctic Ocean, especially during the last decades; and the transports between the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding world ocean through the different passages, Fram Strait, Barents Sea, Bering Strait and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In section four, the Arctic Ocean is considered as a part of the Arctic Mediterranean Sea, and the impacts of possible climatic changes on the circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean and on the exchanges with the world ocean are discussed.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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