ALBERT

Description: A sediment core from the West Spitsbergen continental margin was studied to reconstruct climate and paleoceanographic variability during the last ~9 ka in the eastern Fram Strait. Our multiproxy evidence suggests that the establishment of the modern oceanographic configuration in the eastern Fram Strait occurred stepwise, in response to the postglacial sea-level rise and the related onset of modern sea-ice production on the shallow Siberian shelves. The late Early and Mid Holocene interval (9 to 5 ka) was generally characterized by relatively unstable conditions. High abundance of the subpolar planktic foraminifer species Turborotalita quinqueloba implies strong intensity of Atlantic Water (AW) inflow with high productivity and/or high AW temperatures, resulting in a strong heat flux to the Arctic. A series of short-lived cooling events (8.2, 6.9. and 6.1 ka) occurred superimposed on the warm late Early and Mid Holocene conditions. Our proxy data imply that simultaneous to the complete postglacial flooding of Arctic shallow shelves and the initiation of modern sea-ice production, strong advance of polar waters initiated modern oceanographic conditions in the eastern Fram Strait at ~5.2 ka. The Late Holocene was marked by the dominance of the polar planktic foraminifer species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, a significant expansion of sea ice/icebergs, and strong stratification of the water column. Although planktic foraminiferal assemblages as well as sea surface and subsurface temperatures suggest a return of slightly strengthened advection of subsurface Atlantic Water after 3 ka, a relatively stable cold-water layer prevailed at the sea surface and the study site was probably located within the seasonally fluctuating marginal ice zone during the Neoglacial period.

Description: Variations in the poleward-directed Atlantic heat transfer was investigated over the past 135 ka with special emphasis on the last and present interglacial climate development (Eemian and Holocene). Both interglacials exhibited very similar climatic oscillations during each preceding glacial terminations (deglacial TI and TII). Like TI, also TII has pronounced cold–warm–cold changes akin to events such as H1, Bølling/Allerød, and the Younger Dryas. But unlike TI, the cold events in TII were associated with intermittent southerly invasions of an Atlantic faunal component which underscores quite a different water mass evolution in the Nordic Seas. Within the Eemian interglaciation proper, peak warming intervals were antiphased between the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic. Moreover, inferred temperatures for the Nordic Seas were generally colder in the Eemian than in the Holocene, and vice versa for the North Atlantic. A reduced intensity of Atlantic Ocean heat transfer to the Arctic therefore characterized the Eemian, requiring a reassessment of the actual role of the ocean–atmosphere system behind interglacial, but also, glacial climate changes. Key Points - Reduced AMOC during the Eemian - BA/YD-type warming/cooling in Termination 1 and 2 - Comparison of glacial inceptions reveals present climate status

Description: Paleoceanographical studies of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 have revealed higher-than-present sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the North Atlantic and in parts of the Arctic but lower-than-present SSTs in the Nordic Seas, the main throughflow area of warm water into the Arctic Ocean. We resolve this contradiction by complementing SST data based on planktic foraminiferal abundances with surface salinity changes using hydrogen isotopic compositions of alkenones in a core from the central Nordic Seas. The data indicate the prevalence of a relatively cold, low-salinity, surface water layer in the Nordic Seas during most of MIS 11. In spite of the low-density surface layer, which was kept buoyant by continuous melting of surrounding glaciers, warmer Atlantic water was still propagating northward at the subsurface thus maintaining meridional overturning circulation. This study can help to better constrain the impact of continuous melting of Greenland and Arctic ice on high-latitude ocean circulation and climate.

Description: When looking for possible scenarios of future climate development, the last interglacial is a suitable candidate. This warm interval, know as Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e in marine sediments, lasted from ~130 000 to ~115 000 years ago, and is assumed to have been characterised by Holocene-like climatic boundary conditions. The northern North Atlantic and Nordic (Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian) seas are key areas in this context: the warm water masses that are advected into the region through the northward flowing Gulf Stream/North Atlantic Drift surface current system interact with the southward flowing polar water masses of the East Greenland/Labrador Current, and they are among the few regions were overturning and deep-water formation occurs. Changes in the sea-surface conditions in this area can therefore steer climate by influencing the Meridional Overturning Circulation, and the feedbacks this has on the atmospheric circulation. The goal of the project is to reconstruct the sea surface conditions in the northern North Atlantic and Nordic seas during MIS 5e in order to trace changes in the interaction between the warm water masses of the Gulf Stream/North Atlantic Drift current system and the cold water masses of the East Greenland/Labrador Current. This will be done by qualitative and quantitative analysis of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages, algal remains with a proven potential for paleoclimate reconstructions, in sediments from key localities across the North Atlantic and Nordic seas.

Description: In-depth analysis of planktic foraminiferal census data paired with δ18O records of specific indicator species provides new insight into the surface ocean evolution of the northeast Atlantic during the previous interglacial warm period (oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 5e). Full interglacial conditions existed at the study site for a maximum of only 8 kyr, between 125 and 117 ka. Highest sea surface temperatures (SSTs) occurred during early OIS 5e concomitant with high summer insolation but after the main phase of ice sheet melting of the preceding glaciation (Saalian). This early peak SST interval is marked by the appearance of tropical-subtropical species and lasted for 4 kyr until 121 ka, as corroborated by a major change in planktic δ18O. Relative stability in global ice volume continued for another 3–4 kyr before SSTs dropped further toward the next stadial. During early OIS 5e the situation of the surface water vertical structure appears to have been different from the early Holocene. For OIS 5e it is therefore suggested that the particular melting history of late Saalian ice had a long-lasting and profound effect on both postdeglacial surface water mass configuration in the North Atlantic and heat-moisture transfer into Europe.