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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (16)
  • Ultrastructure
  • 1945-1949  (16)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In order to study further the effect of structure on monomer reactivities in copolymerization the copolymer composition as a function of initial monomer mixture composition has been determined for the following monomer pairs: vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride, ethyl methacrylate-vinylidene chloride, butyl methacrylate-vinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate-tetrachloroethylene, allyl chloride-vinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate-vinylidenechloride, methyl methacrylate-vinyl chloride, pentene-1-vinyl chloride, allyl chloride-vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate-2,5-di-chlorostyrene, vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride, and vinyl chloride-dioctyl maleate.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 223-226 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crystalline chymotrypsin has been inactivated by ultraviolet light (2537 Å.) with a quantum yield of 0.0032 based upon loss of ability to act upon casein as a substrate. The possible significance of this datum in terms of the duo-specificity of chymotrypsin, the integrity of the molecule as a whole and the quantum efficiency of cleavage of —CONH— linkages is discussed. The ultraviolet light absorption spectrum of the pure enzyme has been determined.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A redox-activated emulsion polymerization system has been developed in which benzoyl peroxide, sorbose and ferrous ammonium sulfate constitute the oxidation reduction system. Very rapid rates of reaction were obtained which permitted the use of lower polymerization temperatures. Redox polymers made at 10°C. had higher molecular weights and superior physical properties compared to standard GR-S as well as to polymers prepared in the redox system at higher temperatures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 216-222 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The emulsion polymerization of allyl acetate yields a polymer of the same average molecular weight as is obtained in bulk polymerization. The decomposition of potassimn persulfate is of the first order but is greatly accelerated by the presence of allyl acetate or of ethyl acetate. Three independent methods of analysis agree in indicating the presence of sulfate groups in 75% of the polymer molecules. It is concluded that the mechanisms of chain initiation and termination are analogous to those in the peroxide-induced bulk polymerization of allyl acetate. These facts do not serve to distinguish between different postulated loci reaction in emulsion polymerization.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Tensile strengths of natural rubber samples quantitatively crosslinked with decamethylene dis-methyl azodicarboxylate have been determined. The proportion of the azo vulcanizing agent was varied 80-fold, the fraction p of cross-linked units in the products ranging from 0.10x 10-2 to 8.0 x 10-2. In spite of the small dimensions of the test specimen (cross section 0.10 in. by about 0.005 in.), the average error for a single observation is similar to that obtained in conventional testing procedures applied to specimens vulcanized with sulfur and accelerators. Deviations from the mean for 262 tests on 15 different cures are well represented by a Gaussian error function; a slight intimation of skewness is evident only at the extremities of the distribution of deviations. These results are incompatible with the commonly held view that rupture of the sample takes place at the “weakest link” in the series of flaws inevitably occurring along the specimen. It would appear that the ability to withstand tensile stress (applied in a specified manner) is an inherent characteristic of the bulk material. The rapid increase in tensile strength with the degree of crosslinking p for small values of this quantity is consistent with the conclusion, previously reached in the investigation of the physical properties of butyl rubber (6) that the tensile strength is directly related to the fraction of the structure which is permanently oriented by stretching. At higher degrees of cross-linking (at ρ x 100 = 1.0 to 1.5, depending on the molecular weight of the rubber) the tensile strength passes through a maximum and then declines steadily to quite low values for higher ρ's. This adverse effect of higher degrees of cross-linking is believed to result from the diminished elongation at which crystallization sets in and, hence, the smaller fraction of the network elements sufficiently oriented to participate in crystallite formation. Modification of up to 7% of the isoprene units of the rubber with the monofunctional compound, ethyl azodicarboxylate, depresses the tensile strength of the disazo vulcanized rubber relatively little. Evidently, the limited extent to which these modified (or copolymer) chains may enter into crystallization is adequate to bring about high tensile strength. Lack of direct correlation between modulus and tensile strength for rubbers vulcanized with various sulfur-accelerator combinations can only be explained by assuming that conventional vulcanization processes are accompanied to varying degrees by chain scission reactions. When vulcanized rubber is “over-cured,” or heat aged, chain scission becomes excessive.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been demonstrated that the homogeneity in respect to molecular weight of emulsion copolymers of butadiene and styrene can be increased by the use of certain derivatives of n-dodecyl mercaptan rather than the mercaptan itself. These derivatives decompose and relase n-dodecyl mercaptan at an even rate during the polymerization reaction. Several new derivatives of n-dodecyl mercaptan are described.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The interaction of polymers and liquids can be fairly well characterized by the value of the quantity μ, commonly used in thermodynamics of polymer solutions and usually evaluated from osmotic pressure measurements. The Flory-Rehner theory of swelling relates the amount of swelling of a slightly cross-linked polymer in a liquid to μ and a parameter Mc, the average molecular weight between cross links. Mc, may be determined for a cross-linked polymer from its swelling volume in a solvent in which osmotic pressure measurements with the noncross-linked polymer have given the value of μ. The cross-linked polymer, thus calibrated, can be used to obtain the μ value for other liquids by measuring its swelling volume in them. This procedure has been carried out on polyvinyl chloride which can be cross linked by heating. Calibration in three different liquids gave comparable values of Mc, thus checking the Flory-Rehner theory. The quantity μ was determined at two different temperatures for fifty liquids. The value of μ and its temperature dependence correlate well with the observed properties of the binary systems. Variation of μ with molecular weight in an homologous series is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyvinyl alcohol prepared by hydrolyzing polymerized vinyl acetate is partially degraded within a few minutes by reagents known to attack 1,2-glycol structures. The degree of degradation is limited, however, the final molecular weights of the degraded products being in the range of 3700 to 6500 (viscosity averages). The extent of degradation seems to depend solely on the temperature at which the vinyl acetate was polymerized. Mole percentages (based on the structural unit —CH2—CHOH—) of 1,2-glycol structures, corresponding to head-to-head unit arrangements, have been computed from the degree of degradation with periodic acid. They increase from about 1.23% for polymerization at 25°C. to 1.95% at 110°C. The occurrence of head-to-head structures is attributed to occasional “abnormal” addition of monomer in the chain-growth phase of the polymerization. The activation energy for the abnormal addition reaction is 1250 calories higher than for the normal (preferred) addition; the steric factor for the abnormal addition is about one-tenth that for the normal addition.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1948), S. 169-198 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Die Polymerisation des Methacrylsäuremethylesters mit Benzoylperoxyd erfolgt nach einer Periode stationärer Geschwindigkeit, beginnend bei etwa 20 bis 25% Umsatz mit starker Beschleunigung (explosionsartiger Polymerisationsverlauf nach G. V. Schulz und Blaschke). Ursache für diese Erscheinungen ist das im Monomeren gelöste Polymerisat, das die Diffusion der wachsenden Molekülketten hemmt und dadurch den Abbruch der Kettenreaktion durch gegenseitige Absättigung zweiér wachsender Molekülketten verhindert, während die Diffusion des Monomeren nicht gestört wird. Infolgedessen nimmt die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und gleichzeitig der Polymerisationsgrad der entstehenden Makromoleküle zu. Hemmung der Diffusion und damit beschleunigte Polymerisation wird auch durch andere im Monomeren gelöste, hochmolekulare Substanzen oder durch Festlegung der Lage der wachsenden Makromoleküle durch Vernetzung mit Verbindungen mit zwei polymerisationsfähigen Doppelbindungen erreicht. Nach diesem Schema laufen Block-und Perlpolymerisation ab.Bei der Polymerisation im guten Lösungsmittel für das Polymerisat wird die Diffusion für die wachsenden Molekülketten durch die Anwesenheit des Lösungsmittels aufrechterhalten, es erfolgt keine explosionsartige Polymerisation. In schlechten Lösungsmitteln bzw. Fällungsmitteln für das Polymerisat wird die Diffusion besonders stark behindert, da schon die wachsenden Molekülketten ausflocken. Infolgedessen ist die Explosion heftiger und der Polymerisationsgrad höher als bei Polymerisation des unverdünnten Monomeren. Während Block- und Perlpolymerisate, die in zwei unterscheidbaren Phasen, also mit explosionsartigem Verlauf, entstanden sind, zwei Maxima der Massenverteilung zeigen, wird bei vor der Explosion abgetrenntem Polymerisat und bei Lösungspolymerisaten in guten Lösungsmitteln nur ein Maximum gefunden.Die Emulsionspolymerisation erfolgt in zwei Phasen, zuerst über die wässrige Lösung, wobei rasche Polymerisation erfolgt, weil Wasser ein Fällungsmittel für das Polymerisat ist, dann auch in den in Wasser suspendierten Polymerisatteilchen, in denen sich Monomeres löst. Diese beiden Phasen und die Unterschiede zur Perlpolymerisation lassen sich durch Versuche mit verschiedenen wasser - bzw. organisch löslichen Stabilisatoren und Beschleunigern nachweisen. Wesentlich ist der Einfluß des Rührens bei der Emulsionspolymerisation, veranlaßt durch Sauerstoffhemmung.Der gefundene Reaktionsmechanismus hat auch für andere Polymerisationen mehr oder weniger Bedeutung, eine Verallgemeinerung ist jedoch unmöglich.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal polymerization of styrene in vacuo has been followed by measuring the change of its magnetic rotatory power. The degree of polymerization was determined from measurements of the refractive index, viscosity, and density. The Verdel constant of the monomer at 25 °C. was found to be 0.0338 minute per gauss per cm.; furthermore, it showed no appreciable change on polymerization. Because of experimental difficulties the measurements could not be made beyond 25% polymerization.
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