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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (9)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
  • Magnetism
  • 1955-1959  (9)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 544-547 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Observations on Corrosion DiagramsIt is shown that the superposition of current/voltage curves in a system of rectangular coordinates or the addition of part-currents so as to form the total current is not justified and not permissible if there is any mathematical correlation between anodic and cathodic reaction. This statement relates to the corrosion process where it is necessary to consider Ohm's law in expressing the local current. In this connection, the corrosion diagrams conceived by G. V. Akimov are discussed by way of example.
    Notes: Es wurde bewiesen, daß die Superposition der Stromstärke-Potential-Kurven im rechtwinkligen Koordinatensystem oder die Addition der Teilströme zum Gesamtstrom nicht berechtigt und begründet sind, falls die anodische und die kathodische Reaktion in irgendeiner mathematischen Beziehung steht. Diese Behauptung bezieht sich auf den Korrosionsvorgang, in dem notwendig ist, das Ohmsche Gesetz zur Erfassung des Lokalstromes anzuwenden. Bei dieser Gelegenheit wurde als Beispiel die Konzeption der Korrosionsdiagramme von G. V. Akimov näher erörtert.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 19 (1956), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The changes in the infrared absorption spectra accompanying the chlorination of unmasticated deproteinized natural rubber dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, with phenyl iododichloride, are reported. The 6% chlorine content product shows, in general, decreased absorption in the 8-11 μ region. The spectrum of 6% chlorine content product is markedly different from that of fully chlorinated rubber. The 19% chlorine content product is intermediate to that of 6-51% and shows some of the characteristics of fully chlorinated rubber, while retaining part of the characteristic absorption of natural rubber. The spectrum of the fully chlorinated product is similar to that of hydrochlorinated rubber and chlorinated rubber obtained by the gaseous chlorine reaction.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 23 (1957), S. 601-616 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In order to study the electroviscous effect, we have used very stable aqueous suspensions of carbon black, obtained after chemical treatment. These suspensions contain carbon black particles of approximately spherical form, perfectly rigid and carrying on their surfaces chemical groups, which give the particles a polyelectrolyte behavior. We have studied the viscosity of the solution when the dielectric constant ε of the medium has been changed, either by addition, to the water, of a solvent with a low dielectric constant, e.g., ethanol, or by changing the temperature. The influence on the viscosity of the medium by addition of a neutral salt (KCl) of a strong acid (HCl) and of a strong base (KOH) has also been considered. Besides these viscometric data a reversible flocculation of the sol has been observed when ε diminishes sufficiently, while no flocculation occurs in the presence of KOH, independently of the concentration of KOH. Such behavior has not been observed previously. As expected, in the presence of KCl flocculation occurs if the concentration is high enough; the precipitation is improved by HCl addition. The following conclusions may be drawn from these experiments: (1) The experimental data show an increase in viscosity, due to a “limited flocculation,” which influences not the apparent state of the sol but causes an increase of K. This phenomenon is followed by the flocculation of the sol when the dielectric constant is further decreased or when the ionic strength is further increased. A simple explanation is given for the “limited flocculation” and for the increasing viscosity which occur simultaneously. (2) When the electroviscous effect alone must be considered, Booth's theory gives a satisfactory explanation for viscometric data. (3) The data show that the sol stability depends strongly from the charge carried by the particles and on the thickness of the double layer as expressed by the parameter χ-1 of Debye.
    Notes: Nous avons utilisé dans notre étude de l'effet électrovisqueux des suspensions aqueuses de noir de carbone, très stables, obtenues après traitement chimique. Ces suspensions contiennent des particules de noir de carbone de forme approximativement sphérique, parafaitement rigides et qui portent en surface des groupements chimiques qui leur confèrent le caractère de polyélectrolyte. Nous avons étudié la viscosité de la solution lorsque l'on fait varier la constante diélectrique ε du milieu dispersant soit par addition à l'eau d'un solvant miscible de basse constante-diélectrique tel que l'alcool éthylique, soit par variation de la température. Nous avons également étudié l'influence sur la viscosité de l'addition au milieu de dispersion de sel neutre (KCl) d'acide fort (HCl) et de base forte (KOH). En dehors des observations viscosimetriques on a noté qu'il y a floculation reversible du sol lorsque l'on diminue suffisement ε, tandis que le sol ne flocule pas en milieu KOH, quelle que soit la concentration en KOH. Ces deux observations ne semblent pas avoir de précédent. Le comportement du sol en milieu KCl est classique, c'est-a-dire qu'il y a floculation pour des concentration suffisantes en sel. La floculation apparait plus vite par addition d'HCl que de KCl. On peut tirer de l'étude les conclusions suivantes: (1) Les résultats expérimentaux mettent en évidence un accroissement de viscosité provoqué par l'apparition de ce que l'on a dénommé la “floculation limitée” phénomène qui ne se manifeste pas sur l'état apparent du sol et que décèle seulement l'augmentation de K. Ce phénomène sera suivi de la floculation proprement dite si l'on continue à abaisser ε ou à augmenter la concentration ionique. On propose une explication simple de la floculation limitée et de l'accroissement de viscosité qui l'accompagne. (2) Dans le domaine où les sol est soumis au seul effet électrovisqueux la théorie de Booth permet une interpretation satisfaisante des résultats viscosimetriques. (3) Les résultats obtenus montrent que la stabilité du sol étudié dépend nettement de la grandeur de la charge portée par les particules et de l'épaisseur de la double couche approximée par le paramètre x-1 selon Debye.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 34 (1959), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ethylene, propylene, and styrene oxides have been polymerized by a range of metal halide catalysts, high molecular weight products being obtained from the two firstnamed. The limited quantitative evidence presented is consistent with the view that these polymerizations proceed by a coordinate propagation mechanism. The effective catalyst for this stage is essentially a metal alkoxide, formed in an initial cationic polymerization in which a small number of monomer units are attached to the metal atom. The propylene oxide polymers generally contain a fraction of crystalline material, but the proportion of this can be reduced practically to zero (with FeCl3 catalysis) by careful exclusion of water.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 20 (1956), S. 181-195 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Reaktion von in einem organischen Lösungsmittel gelösten Naturkautschuk mit Chlorwasserstoff wurde studiert. Eine Reihe hydrochlorierter Kautschukproben mit verschiedenem Chlorgehalt wurde hergestellt und der Chlorgehalt und auch der zurückbleibende Gehalt an Doppelbindungen jeder Probe bestimmt. Die so gewonnenen Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Hydrochlorierungsreaktion keine einfache Addition des Chlorwasserstoffs an die olefinische Doppelbindung des natürlichen Kautschuks ist. Es wird gezeigt, daß Ringbildung des Polymeren erfolgt, wenn Naturkautschuk und Chlorwasserstoff in einem organischen Lösungsmittel gelöst werden. Diese Ringbildung findet nach der statistischen Theorie von Flory statt. Der Chlorwasserstoff reagiert nachher mit dem geschlossenen Ring des Kautschuks in solcher Weise, daß man am Ende einen hydrochlorierten Kautschuk erhält.
    Notes: A study of the reaction of natural rubber, dissolved in an organic solvent, with hydrogen chloride has been made. A range of hydrochlorinated rubber samples of varying chlorine contents were obtained. Along with the determination of chlorine content of each sample, the residual unsaturation has also been determined. Results show that the hydrochlorination reaction is not a simple addition of hydrogen chloride to the olefinic unsaturation of natural rubber. It is found that if natural rubber and hydrogen chloride come in contact in an organic solvent, cyclisation of the polymer is the primary result. The cyclisation conforms to the statistical theory of Flory. Thereafter hydrogen chloride reacts with the cyclised rubber in a manner such that hydrochlorinated rubber is obtained.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 17 (1955), S. 255-262 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In the infrared absorption spectra of solutions of natural rubber in carbon tetrachloride, two new absorptions are observed, one at 6.52 μ and another at 8.2 μ. These bands disappear when films from the solution are examined. Possible origins of these bands are discussed and it is suggested that the absorption at 6.52 μ may be due to a perturbed double bond in a loose complex formed between rubber and carbon tetrachloride. The infrared absorption spectrum of rubber aged in solution also shows these absorptions. However, in the film from aged rubber the 8.2 μ absorption is found to persist. Chemical evidence for the loss in unsaturation is advanced.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 30 (1958), S. 651-659 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The experimental data reported in this paper indicate that probably the viscometric behavior of a sol of charged particles can, in the first approximation, be described by the available theories (including that of Smoluchowski which is better than that of Booth as far as only variations and not the absolute values must be evaluated) when those parameters are varied which only slightly affect the charge of the particles. On the other hand, the influence of the variation of the charge on the viscosity seems practically null, even for variations which range in our case from 143 to 3570 charges per particle. A direct proof of the absence of this influence is given by the study of a black, in which the charge is directly measured and where the viscosity remains constant while Q varies from 810 to 2260 elementary charges per particles. This behavior is completely in contradiction with the predictions of the theories which all predict a relaxation effect obeying the law of Coulomb and a viscosity increase, due to the charge, varying with the square of the latter. Perhaps our model is inadequate to show the influence of the charge upon the viscosity; perhaps the hypotheses on which the theoretical calculations are based must be revised. In any case, because of our very abnormal data, similar experiments are needed with other models.
    Notes: Die experimentellen Tatsachen, über welche hier berichtet wird, scheinen zu zeigen, dass das viskosimetrische Verhalten eines Sols geladener Teilchen in zutreffender Weise durch die Theorie (sowohl die von Smoluchowsky als auch die von Booth, übrigens auch nur solange als es sich um die Berechnung von Änderungen und nicht von Absolutwerten handelt) beschrieben wird, sobald man sich mit der Variierung von Parametern zufrieden gibt, die wenig Einfluss auf die Ladung der Teilchen haben; im Gegensatz dazu scheint die Variierung der Ladung, selbst bei Änderungen, die in unserem Fall im Extremtwert einen Übergang von 143 zu 3570 Ladungen pro Teilchen ausmachen, praktisch keinen Einfluss auf die Viskosität zu haben. Ein direkter Beweis für diesen mangelnden Einfluss wird durch die Untersuchung einer Schwärze geliefert, bei welcher die Ladung direkt gemessen wird und die Viskosität konstant blieb, während Q von 810 auf 2260 Elemen tarladungen pro Teilchen anstieg. Dieses Verhalten steht im absoluten Widerspruch zu den Voraussagen der Theorie, die alle erwarten lassen, dass der Relaxationseffekt dem Coulomb'schen Gesetz gehorcht und dass die durch die Ladung bedingte Viskositätszunahme vom Quadrat der Ladung abhängt. Es tritt hier ein sehr wichtiges Problem auf; möglicher Weise ist unser Modell nicht geeignet den Einfluss der Ladung auf die Viskosität wiedergeben zu können, möglicherweise müssen auch die Hypothesen, die als Grundlage für die theoretischen Berechnungen gedient haben, einer Revision unterzogen werden. Da der stark anormale Charakter unserer Ergebnisse auf jeden Fall feststeht, würde es interessant sein, gleichartige Versuche an anderen Modellen auszutühren.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 16 (1955), S. 204-212 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird gezeigt, daß die Auflösung von Kautschuk in Lösungsmitteln ein Diffusionsvorgang ist, in dem die beiden Komponenten ineinander diffundieren. Der Einfluß des Lichtes auf solche Prozesse wird aufgezeigt. Der Ersatz von Luft durch Stickstoff bei obigen Prozessen wurde untersucht.
    Notes: Experimental evidence is presented to show that the dissolution of rubber in a solvent is a diffusion process in which both components interdiffuse into one another. The influence of light in such process has been demonstrated. Replacement of air by nitrogen in the process of diffusion has also been studied.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 27 (1958), S. 591-594 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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