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  • Articles  (306)
  • Cambridge University Press  (294)
  • Annual Reviews  (12)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1965-1969  (306)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (238)
  • Political Science  (68)
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  • Articles  (306)
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  • 1
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    Three-dimensional boundary layers: a report on Euromech 2 (1967)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1967-02-02
    Description: The second European Mechanics Colloquium, on the subject of three-dimensional boundary layers, was held at Liverpool University from 4 to 7 January 1966 and was attended by thirty-eight people closely associated with current work in this field.The meeting was opened by an introductory review by J. C. Cooke, who successfully sought to provoke discussion by emphasizing areas of apparent agreement and disagreement. The discussions which followed were based on a series of contributions by participants in the Colloquium, and covered the following topics:Laminar boundary layers.Three-dimensional perturbations of two-dimensional turbulent boundary layers.Corner and secondary flows.Boundary layers associated with flow past obstacles.Flow over delta wings.Separation.Flow over rotating surfaces.Heat and mass transfer.Miscellaneous topics.In all these cases, the emphasis was on the three-dimensional nature of the flow, and in this report the discussions are summarized under these headings.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 2
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    The behaviour of similar solutions in a compressible boundary layer (1968)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1968-11-12
    Description: This paper discusses the mathematical properties of similar solutions of the boundary-layer equations in a compressible model fluid, under assumptions first introduced by Stewartson and by Li & Nagamatsu. Assuming a favourable pressure gradient and that backflow is not present, our results include (among other things) a rigorous proof that velocity overshoot occurs in the boundary layer if the wall is heated, and that this is true whether or not suction, blowing or slipping occurs at the wall; while, conversely, velocity overshoot does not occur when the wall is cooled and the amount of slipping at the wall is suitably restricted.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 3
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    Determination of the direction of surface velocity gradients in three-dimensional boundary layers (1968)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1968-10-16
    Description: An instrumental method is proposed to measure the direction of surface velocity gradients in three-dimensional boundary layers. It utilizes electrochemical techniques developed in this laboratory.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 4
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    The suppression of wind-generated waves by a surface film (1968)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1968-05-24
    Description: In the presence of a surface-active agent waves generated on the surface of a liquid by a wind may be stabilized. This problem is explored, and in particular the critical wind velocity is calculated for wave inception in the presence of such a film.The dominant parameter associated with the surface layer is the surface elasticity χ the ‘inextensible film’ of Lamb is obtained as a limit as χ → ∞. Such a value is hypothetical as for real films χ is not large, being in the range 0 to 80 dyne/cm approximately. Nevertheless, we show that damping exceeding that of the inextensible film can be obtained for short wavelengths, and that the critical wind speed for capillary ripples can be increased by a factor of ten in the presence of a film of experimentally attainable characteristics.The reason for the effectiveness of films of low χ is that the damping in the liquid is related to χ and the wavelength λ in such a way that for small λ, damping is a maximum for small χ.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 5
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    Transition from laminar to turbulent flow (1969)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1969-11-27
    Description: A NATO Advanced Study Institute on the topic of transition from laminar flow to turbulence was held at Imperial College, London, from 1 to 6 July 1968. Each morning's session was started with a one-hour general lecture, and was followed by five or six half-hour lectures interspaced with discussion periods. The main lecturers were C. C. Lin (general survey), S. Rosenblat (stability of time-dependent flows), L. S. G. Kovasznay (turbulent, non-turbulent interfaces), L. E. Scriven (free surface effects) and A. A. Townsend (shear turbulence). The idea of the meeting was to bring forth and to discuss current ideas in the subject, both from the point of view of developments out of laminar flow and from that of developments into real turbulence. To this end speakers were chosen to introduce a variety of topics ranging from laminar-flow instabilities (with emphasis on aspects at present imperfectly understood), through non-linear effects to the processes affecting turbulence itself.Many ideas recurred throughout the meeting, both at lectures and in discussion periods. This is true, for example, of several relevant points forcefully made by C. C. Lin. For this reason the present account does not attempt to describe the proceedings of the meeting in chronological order, but rather takes an overall view of the subject matter and points to the areas of agreement and of controversy in relation to various problems.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 6
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    Report on the I.U.T.A.M. Symposium on the flow of fluid-solid mixtures (1969)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1969-11-10
    Description: A Symposium on ‘The flow of fluid-solid mixtures’ was held at the University of Cambridge from 24 to 28 March 1969, under the auspices of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. There were 104 participants, representing 19 countries, and attendance was by invitation only. Since there will be no publication of the proceedings in full, the following condensed account of the developments described at the various sessions has been prepared for publication by three of the participants, all of whom were involved in the organization of the Symposium.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 7
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    The three-dimensional laminar boundary layer on a rotating helical blade (1965)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1965-10-01
    Description: The equations of motion of an incompressible viscous fluid are given in a rotating helical co-ordinate system, which is non-orthogonal. Partial differential equations are derived for the boundary-layer flow on a rotating helical blade. Numerical solutions of these equations show that the radial flow in the boundary layer is strongly dependent upon the stagger and speed of rotation of the blade. © 1965, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 8
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    The distortion of turbulence by irrotational plane strain (1968)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1968-06-18
    Description: The experiments reported here extend those of Townsend which form the basis of his model of free turbulence. Here straining is carried to a strain ratio of 6:1, while Townsend's straining went only to 4:1. Two kinds of distorting ducts are used to produce the uniform mean strain applied to initially nearly isotropic grid turbulence.The results differ from Townsend's in that: (i) a considerably higher degree of anisotropy is achieved, Townsend's measure of anisotropy attaining values up to 0·6, rather than the maximum of 0·42 he found; (ii) there is no evidence that an equilibrium structure is attained; and (iii) the strained turbulence rapidly becomes less anisotropic when the straining ceases.It is found to be possible to predict the variation of the total turbulence energy using rapid-distortion theory with a correction for decay. However, the individual components cannot be accurately predicted in this way.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 9
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    The investigation of a standing wave due to gas blowing upwards over a liquid film; its relation to flooding in wetted-wall columns (1965)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1965-06-01
    Description: A theory is given to predict the shape and amplitude of a standing wave formed on a liquid film running down a vertical surface, and due to an upward flow of gas over the liquid surface. The wave is maintained in position by the pressure gradients induced within the gas stream by acceleration over the windward part of the wave; over the leeward part of the wave, the gas pressure is roughly constant due to breakaway of the gas flow. The wave amplitude is found to be very sensitive to gas velocity so that the theory predicts a critical gas velocity beyond which the wave amplitude becomes very large; this critical velocity is confirmed by experiment, and the experiments confirm the predicted wave shape. The critical gas velocity also agrees reasonably well with published values of the flooding velocity in empty wetted-wall tubes; this velocity is defined as the point at which countercurrent flow of gas and liquid becomes unstable. The phenomenon of flooding, which has puzzled chemical engineers for many years, may thus be due to wave formation on the liquid film. From the theory are derived three dimensionless groups, namely, Weber number [Formula omitted], liquid-film Reynolds number [Formula omitted]. Here Uc is the critical gas velocity, Q is the liquid volume flow rate per unit wetted perimeter, ρg and ρl are the gas and liquid densities, μ is the liquid viscosity and T is its surface tension; [Formula omitted] is the liquid film thickness in the absence of gas flow. We, Re and Z are uniquely related at the flooding point, and a diagram is presented to show this relation. This diagram will enable designers to predict flooding in wetted-wall tubes, though more experimental verification is required. © 1965, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 10
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    Some experiments on equilibrium turbulent boundary layers in favourable pressure gradients (1967)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1967-02-24
    Description: A wind tunnel in which an arbitrary negative pressure gradient could be developed has been built for boundary-layer studies. The effects of selected pressure gradients on boundary layers grown on one of the walls of the tunnel were studied. It was possible to obtain equilibrium boundary layers of the type first suggested by Clauser: that is, layers whose non-dimensional velocity-defect distribution is invariant along the direction of flow. The velocity-defect distributions for two such boundary layers were established, corresponding to values of Clauser's dimensionless pressure-gradient parameter β of −0·35 and −0·53. These velocity profiles are compared with the profiles predicted theoretically by Mellor & Gibson (1966). The agreement between the two is very good.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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