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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(4-vinylpyridine) ; 4,5-dicyanoimidazole ; betaine salt ; nucleophillic aromatic substitution ; polyelectrolyte ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel betaine internal salt (3) has been synthesized by the reaction of pyridine with 1-methyl-2-bromo-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (1). The reaction of pyridine with 1 serves as a model for the reaction of poly(4-vinylpyridine) with 1. The reaction of poly(4-vinylpyridine) with 1 gives betaine salt substituted polymers which were characterized by IR, NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, and viscometry. The substituted polymers were compared to the model compound (3) and to unsubstituted poly(4-vinylpyridine) in order to determine polymer structure and the degree of substitution. One of the substituted polymers shows polyelectrolyte behavior. Thermal characterization of the substituted polymers shows two exothermic transitions at 260 and 340°C attributed to chemical reactions of the pendant groups.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: PMR investigations on the diastereomeric phosphate methyl protons of the dinucleoside ethyl phosphotriesters Tp(C2H5)T, dA, and dIp(C2H5)dI have been used to study the conformational changes of these dimersin solution. In D2O (273°K), the diastereomeric phosphate-methly groups of Tp(C2H5)T appear as a triplet. The methyl resonances of dIp(C2H5)dI and dAp(C2H5)dA appear as two sets of triplets and their chemical shift differences (δ1 - δ2), decrease with increasing temperature, finally becoming zero at 292°K and 333°K, respectively. The same phenomenon is observed for dAp(C2H5)dA in CD3OD; in this detacking solvent, the difference (δ1 - δ2) diminishes to zero at a lower temperature (261°K). At room temperature in D2O, the chemical shift of the phosphate methyl of Tp(C2H5)T appears at lower field than those of dIp(C2H5)dI or dAp(C2H5)dA. The differences between the chemical shifts of these groups (δI - δT or δA - δT) increase with increasing temperature, and reach maximal values at 301°K and 333°K, respectively. The results suggest that at low temperature the largest fraction of the dimer population exists in a stacked state, with the phosphate-ethyl groups outside the stack. Increasing temperature causes an oscillation of the bases and a shift in the dimer population away from the stacked state. Finally at high temperature, the planar bases rorate with respect to one another and in the case of dIp(C2H5)dI and dAp(C2H5)dA, the ethyl groups experience shielding by the anisotropic ring current of the five-membered ring of the bases. Thus, the current pmr studies and those reported earlier from our laboratory support an “oscillation-rotation model” for the unstacking process of the dimers. The relationship of this model and the “two-state model” is discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The proton nmr spectra of the oligoribonucleotides in the series CpXpG, ApXpG, CpApXpUpG, and ApGpXpC (X = A, G, C, and U), together with the reference compounds CpG, ApG, CpApUpG, and ApGpC, have been measured. A complete analysis of all the nonexchangeable base protons and the ribose H-1′ protons was made. The insertion of a nucleotide X into a oligoribonucleotide led to shift changes at both nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor positions, which were rationalized in terms of the shielding abilities of the various bases. The derived shielding trends in the ApGpXpC series of compounds were successfully used to predict the chemical shifts of resonances in the related ApGpXpCpU series.
    Additional Material: 13 Tab.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ; Benzoquinone ; Diaphorase ; NADH ; Redox mediator ; Amperometric detection ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), produced from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was catalytically oxidized using diaphorase and 1, 4-benzoquinone to yield 1, 4-hydroquinone. This benzoquinone redox mediator was readily detected at an electrode polarized at +0.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) so avoiding the high overpotentials required for a direct electrochemical measurement of NADH. Also, the lipophilic nature of the hydroquinone enabled a novel high selectivity plasticized PVC membrane mounted over the electrode to be exploited. The mediator/PVC combination achieved NADH calibration linear up to at least 100 μM. When used to assay G6PDH activity, a linear calibration from 0.1-1.0 U/mL was produced. The detection system offers the possibility of highly selective measurement of dehydrogenase enzyme activity in biological samples without sample preparation and could provide the basis for simplified homogeneous immunoassays as well as dehydrogenase amperometric enzyme electrodes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 14 (1980), S. 31-40 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Metallurgical observations of phenomena which influence the clinically successful performance of permanent implants and implant materials are reported. The effect of casting voids in cast cobalt chromium femoral stems of total hip replacements is discussed first. Pitting corrosion occurred in a retrieved stainless-steel implant type AISI 316 containing 2.7% Mo. The fractographic pattern of this device retrieved for fatigue failure shows typical characteristics of corrosion-enhanced fatigue.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 9 (1975), S. 199-219 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A survey is given of the mechanical failures of the femoral component of Charnley and Charnley-Müller type total hip prostheses. Fractographic analysis reveals that all the prostheses have broken by metal fatigue.A review of the clinical data has been combined with a metallurgical and a mechanical study in order to assess the reasons of the mechanical failures.The following conclusions have been reached. The prosthesis should be inserted in varus position with regard to the axis of the intramedullary canal, and the prosthesis should be made of an alloy with appreciably higher yield stress and fatigue strength than the alloys of the investigated broken Charnley and Charnley-Müller type prostheses.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Chromatographische Kolonnen wurden mit anionisch hergestellten Polystyrolgelen verschiedener Porengrößen gefüllt. Lineare Polystyrolproben wurden in diese Kolonnen eingespritzt, und die entsprechenden Elutionsvolumina wurden gemessen. Durch die normalisierten Elutionskurven - die die dynamischen Verteilungskoeffizienten in Abhängigkeit des Logarithmus des Molekulargewichtes des eingespritzten Polystyrols darstellen - wurde veranschaulicht, daß der Molekulargewichtsbereich, in dem chromatographische Trennung stattfinden kann, von den strukturellen Parametern des Gels abhängig ist, und zwar von dem Molekulargewicht des linearen Präpolymeren, von der Konzentration des Polymeren beim Vernetzungsvorgang und vom Anteil des Vernetzungsagens.Es wurde auch festgestellt, daß die chromatographischen Elutionsvolumina von Faktoren abhängig sind, wie der Größe der Gelpartikel und der Fließgeschwindigkeit des Eluenten. Dies zeigt, daß die Bedingungen zur Einstellung des Austauschgleichgewichtes zwischen den Gelporen und der fließenden Zwischenraumflüssigkeit nicht erfüllt sein können. Aber unter Verwendung von Standardbedingungen kann man reproduzierbare Ergebnisse erzielen, die zu gültigen Vergleichen dienen können.Es ist noch hervorzuheben, daß die Makroporosität eines Gels keineswegs als eine notwendige Bedingung für die chromatographische Trennung aufzufassen ist.
    Notes: Chromatographic columns were filled with anionically prepared polystyrene gels of various porosities. Linear polystyrene samples were injected in these columns and the retention volumes were measured. Normalized curves have been compared, the dynamic partition coefficient being plotted versus the logarithm of the molecular weight of the injected polymer. It has been established that the domain of molecular weights in which chromatographic separation may take place depends upon the parameters characterizing the gel: molecular weight of the linear “precursor”, overall concentration at the gel point, proportion of crosslinking agent.It has been found that the chromatographic retention times depend on such factors as size of gel particles, flow-rate of the elution solvent. This shows that the exchange equilibrium between the pores of the gels and the flowing intersticial liquid are far from being fulfilled. However by choosing standard conditions one gets reproducible results which may be adequately compared.It should be emphasized that macroporosity of a gel is not a prerequisit for chromatographic separation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 135 (1970), S. 249-261 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch anionische Blockcopolymerisation von Styrol und Divinylbenzol unter Einwirkung eines bifunktionellen Initiators wurden vernetzte Gele hergestellt. Die Reaktion wurde in aprotischen Lösungsmitteln und unter Argon-Atmosphäre durchgeführt. Die Gele wurden durch ihren maximalen Quellungsgrad charakterisiert. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die folgenden drei Parameter die Eigenschaften der Gele beeinflussen: das Molekulargewicht des linearen Polystyrols, aus dem das Gel hergestellt wird, die Konzentration desselben Polystyrols bei der Zugabe von DVB und die Menge des eingesetzten Divinylbenzols pro lebendes Kettenende. Man kann also auf diese Weise homogene Gele verschiedener Porosität synthetisieren. Im Unterschied zu radikalisch hergestellten Gelen ist bei den auf anionischem Wege erhaltenen Proben die Verteilung der Maschengrößen sehr eng, und der Gelpunkt hat hier eine physikalische Bedeutung. Außerdem ist es leicht, hier die Synärese auszuschalten.
    Notes: La préparation de gels réticulés peut être effectuée par copolymérisation séquencée anionique de styrène et de divinylbenzène, sous l'action d'un promoteur bifonctionnel, en milieu aprotique et en atmosphère inerte. Les gels sont caractérisés par leur taux de gonflement maximum. La masse moléculaire moyenne du polystyrène «parent», la concentration globale de la solution, au moment de la réticulation, et la proportion de DVB mise en jeu constituent les trois paramètres qui déterminent la porosité et la structure même du gel. On peut donc préparer à volonté des réticulats homogènes de porosités très différentes.Dans un tel gel la distribution des tailles des mailles est fort étroite; la synérèse peut être aisément évitée; la signification physique du «point de gel» est bien établie. Ces trois propriétés de la réticulation anionique ne se retrouvent pas dans les gels préparés par voie radicalaire et justifient l'étude de ces gels.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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