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  • Articles  (9)
  • Hypothalamus  (9)
  • 1970-1974  (9)
  • 1935-1939
  • Biology  (9)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 451-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Pituitary ; Elasmobranch ; Catecholamine fibres ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of monoamines in the diencephalon and pituitary of the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, has been investigated using the histochemical fluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp (Falck and Owman, 1965). Terminals of monoamine-containing axons were found in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary and the axons were traced, by means of nialamide and L-dopa treatment and lesions, to the nucleus medius hypothalamicus. A separate hypothalamic system converging on the anterior median eminence and the occurrence of aminergic cells in the nuclei lobi inferiores and nucleus medius hypothalamicus were similarly demonstrated. Normal fish show a bilateral uncrossed tegmental tract and two areas of catecholamine-containing neurones in modified ependymal organs. The organum vasculosum hypothalami includes both primary catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing cell types whilst the organum vasculosum praeopticum has only the former type. Both organs contain cells which send club-like processes into the third ventricle. The subcommissural organ does not contain monoamines. The role of hypothalamic catecholamine systems in the regulation of pituitary function is discussed.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ; Hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Utilizing the unlabeled antibody enzyme method, we report the distribution of hypothalamic elements immunoreactive with antibodies to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in the rat. Immunostained elements, resembling neural processes, were distributed along a pathway corresponding to the tuberoinfundibular tract which appeared to terminate near vascular elements in the external layer of the preand post-infundibular median eminence. No cell bodies stained specifically for LH-RH. Similar topographic arrangements were noted (in coronal and sagittal sections) in diestrous females, ovariectomized females and a hypophysectomized male. The same results were obtained with three different preparations of antisera to LH-RH. Our studies agree with those of other investigators using immunohistochemical techniques as well as with localization studies of LH-RH in the hypothalamus using bioassay and radioimmunoassay. Our results suggest that the unlabeled antibody enzyme technique will have unique value for identifying and tracing fiber systems related to specific functions within the hypothalamus.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 191-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus infundibularis ventralis ; Hypothalamus ; Rana esculenta ; Gonadotropin releasing factor ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural evidence has been obtained for several nerve cells in the middle and posterior hypothalamus of Rana esculenta, which may be classified as neurosecretory cells. These cells belong to the nucleus infundibularis ventralis, being homologous to the nucleus infundibularis of higher vertebrates. According to the type of dense-core vesicles, two categories of neurosecretory cells were identified in the NIV, type Y and type Z cells. The morphology of these cells and the diameter of their dense-core vesicles suggests a peptidergic nature of the secretory product. Both cell types appeared as bipolar, liquor-contacting neurons, innervated by aminergic axons. The effects of castration and testosterone treatment on the Y cells of the NIV, as well as their localization in the caudal hypothalamus, suggest these cells to be involved in the regulation of the gonadotropic activity of the pars distalis. The presence in the zona externa of the median eminence of axon terminals containing the “Y type dense-core vesicles” is indicative of the release of their secretory product into the portal vessels.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 559-564 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Afferents ; Adrenal gland ; Protein synthesis ; Auto-radiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of unilateral adrenalectomy on the incorporation of tritiated leucine into the ventromedial nucleus of both sides of the rat hypothalamus was studied by light- and electron-microscopical autoradiography. The left adrenal had been removed and 14 days later labeled amino acid was given intravenously. Rats were killed 5, 30, 60 and 120 min after isotope administration. Following unilateral adrenalectomy there is a marked difference in the autoradiographic reaction of both sides of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus. On the right side the number of autoradiographic silver grains is much higher than on the left side, the difference being statistically significant for each animal and for each time interval. In accordance with previous findings the data suggest the existence of a neural pathway from the adrenal gland to the hypothalamus.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 101-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretion ; Axoplasmic transport ; Microtubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lower pituitary stalk has been studied in rats given hypertonic saline for four days and in rats with congenital diabetes insipidus (GDI), that is, in two groups of animals in which there is evidence of an increase in the transport of polypeptides down the axons of the tractus hypophyseus. A quantitative ultrastructural analysis of this tract, the first yet made, has demonstrated that in normal animals it is composed of unusually small axons, over half of which are less than 300 nm in diameter. In this tract there is a significant increase in axonal diameter and microtubular content in animals given hypertonic saline for four days. In adult rats with CDI, these changes are even more marked, a feature which is correlated with the fact that in these animals the transport of polypeptides has probably been abnormal since birth. An alteration in the microtubular content of neurons has not previously been observed either in physiologically stressed animals or in diseased animals; such alterations suggest the participation of microtubules in polypeptide transport. The narrow diameter of axons in the tractus hypophyseus of the normal animal raises the possibility of the extravesicular transport of such polypeptides.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 421-437 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Cat ; Magnocellular neurons ; Electron microscopic autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic autoradiographic analysis revealed that H3-valine infused into the lateral ventricle of normal and acutely dehydrated cats is preferentially taken up by the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Grain counts for these magnocellular neurons in normal unstressed cats were highest at one hour post infusion with a significant fall off by three hours. Uptake by the SON and PVN at one hour exceeded neighboring nuclear groups by a factor of 7 and 4 fold respectively. Electron microscopic autoradiographs from acutely dehydrated cats revealed the presence of emission grains in association with rough endoplasmic reticulum and large osmiophilic neurosecretory vesicles. In view of statistically significant uptake values and rapid turnover of H3-valine by SON and PVN in normal animals, coupled with emission tracks in direct association with underlying neurosecretory product in acutely dehydrated ones, it is speculated that valine may be an amino acid component of one or both of the neurophysins to which neurohypophyseal hormones are non-covalently linked.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 552-569 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Median eminence ; Coturnix ; Tancyte and vascular patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im basalen Hypothalamus der Wachtel Coturnix wurde ein gut entwickeltes System von ependymalen Gliazellen mit langen Fortsätzen beobachtet. Diese Ependymzellen (Tanycyten, Horstmann, 1954) reichen bis an die Oberfläche des Gehirns. Die Tanycyten der Eminentia mediana und des ventro-lateralen Hypothalamus bilden eine Verbindung zwischen dem III. Ventrikel und dem portalen Hypophysenkreislauf. Die Fortsätze der ventro-lateralen Tanycyten enden in der Region des Sulcus infundibularis an einem lockeren Gefäßnetz, das sich in das primäre Kapillarnetz des portalen Gefäßsystems der Hypophyse fortsetzt. Das subependymale Kapillarnetz der Eminentia mediana verbindet die Gefäßsysteme der kontralateralen Hypothalamushälften. Hier gibt es keine direkten Verbindungen mit dem portalen Gefäßapparat. Aufgrund von licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Studien wird das Ventrikelependym von Coturnix in eine dorsale „typische“ Region und in zwei „glanduläre“ Regionen (ventrolateral und ventral) gegliedert. Jedes dieser Gebiete zeigt unterschiedliche Tanycytenformen. Einer der beiden „glandulären“ Tanycytentypen (Typ 3), der im Verein mit dem ventrolateralen „glandulären“ Ependym auftritt, hat keinen Kontakt mit dem III. Ventrikel. Ultrastrukturstudien am „glandulären“ Ependym ergaben keine sicheren Unterschiede zwischen kastrierten und mit Oestrogen oder Testosteron behandelten, sowie zwischen geschlechtsreifen und nicht geschlechtsreifen Wachteln. Die Möglichkeit einer neuroendokrinen Funktion des Tanycyten-Gefäß-Systems wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary A well developed system of ependymal glial cells with long basilar processes stretching to the surface of the brain (tanycytes, Horstmann, 1954) has been described in the basal hypothalamus of Coturnix quail. The tanycytes both in the median eminence and the ventro-lateral hypothalamus form a link between the third ventricle and the hypophysial circulation. The processes of the ventro-lateral tanycytes terminate in the region of the infundibular sulcus in apposition to a loose network of vessels which are continuous with the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal system. Within the median eminence, the subependymal capillary network connects the vasculature of the contra-lateral sides of hypothalamus. There are no direct connections with the hypophysial portal vessels. With the aid of the light and electron microscope the ventricular ependyma was divided into a dorsal “typical” region and two “glandular” regions (ventro-lateral and ventral). Each region contains different forms of tanycyte. One of the two forms of tanycyte (designated type 3) associated with the ventro-lateral glandular ependyma has no contact with the third ventricle. Ultrastructural studies on the “glandular” ependyma failed to show any obvious differences between castrated, oestrogen or testosterone implanted, and sexually mature or immature quail. The possibility that the tanycyte-vascular system may have a neuroendocrine role is discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 513-520 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus infundibularis dorsalis ; Hypothalamus ; Xenopus laevis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID) of the toad Xenopus laevis is described. The nucleus is paired and located in the caudal hypothalamus, dorso-laterally of the caudal end of the paraventricular organ (PVO), and bordering the dorsal wall of the recessus mamillaris. Two cell types can be identified. They are both bipolar and contain dense-core vesicles. Their apical processes protrude into the lumen of the recessus mamillaris, and therefore they are considered liquor-contacting neurons. Because of the Falck-positivity of these cells (Terlou and Ploemacher, 1973) it is assumed that the densecore vesicles contain monoamines. Both cell types probably are sensory cells, although the possibility of their being secretory active as well, cannot be excluded.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 497-515 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arcuate nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Sexual cycle ; Ribbon-rolls ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in subcellular structures of arcuate neurons correlated in a consistent way with stages of the estrous cycle of the rat. Associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum short ribbons of moderately electron dense material appeared at metestrus and circular or elliptical bodies termed “ribbon-rolls” at diestrus and proestrus. Although present in proestrus, the ribbon-rolls were smaller at this stage. In a few neurons in diestrous females and in ovariectomized animals one to seven months before perfusion multiple large ribbon-rolls occupied much of the cytoplasm. Also, frequency of dense granules and lysosomes increased in diestrus. The significance of the ribbon-rolls and changes in other structures during the estrous cycle are discussed.
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