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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent developments in polymer applications of small-angle neutron, X-ray and light scattering (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 346-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Recent advances in the small-angle scattering of X-rays, neutrons and light by polymers are reviewed. The three techniques are compared, from both experimental and theoretical points of view. Applications are discussed for the study of homophase and heterophase polymers, both in solution and in the solid state, as well as for unoriented and oriented crystalline polymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889878013485
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchung der Doppelbrechung der spannungsinduzierten Kristallisation von Kautschuken (1977)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 255 (1977), S. 824-824 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01664567
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lichtstreuung einer Ansammlung von abgestumpften und ungeordneten Sphärolithen (1978)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 395-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544426
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small-angle x-ray and light scattering studies of the morphology of blends of poly(∊-caprolactone) with poly(vinyl chloride)Abstracted in part from a Thesis for the Ph.D. degree submitted by F.B.K. in the Polymer Science and Engineering Program, University of Massachusetts. (1976)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 14 (1976), S. 1391-1424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Solvent-cast films of blends of poly(∊-caprolactone) (PCL) with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were examined by low-angle x-ray scattering and by small-angle light scattering. X-ray scattering from crystalline compositions were analyzed using the Tsvankin-Buchanan technique and led to values of the repeat period of the lamellar structure and the thickness of the crystalline and amorphous layers. With increasing content of PVC, the amorphous layer thickness increased sufficiently to accommodate the PVC, leading to values of the linear crystallinity consistent with macroscopic measurements by density and DSC techniques up to about 50% PVC by weight. Above this concentration, the lamellar structure no longer appeared to be volume filling. At high concentration of PCL, the polymer consisted of volume-filling spherulites containing the lamellar substructure. Spherulite sizes were measured by light scattering and absolute light scattering intensities were consistent with calculations based upon the degree of crystallinity and anisotropy of the spherulites. Compositions containing more than 60% PVC were amorphous. Low-angle x-ray scattering was interpreted in terms of the Debye-Bueche theory which leads to values for a correlation distance lc and the mean-square electron density fluctuation 〈η2〉 (which was also obtained from the invariant). By the method of Porod, the correlation distances were resolved into persistence lengths within the two phases, which were determined as a function of composition. The fluctuation 〈η2〉 was analyzed in terms of a two-phase model to show that its value was somewhat larger than would be obtained if the phases were composed of the pure components. It was not possible to uniquely determine their compositions. The data were consistent with the existence of a transition zone of the order of 30 Å thick between phases.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1976.180140805
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The elongation and time dependence of the crystallinity of low-density polyethylene (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 1945-1957 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been presumed in studies of the orientation of low-density polyethylene and its time dependence that the degree of crystallinity remained constant with elongation and did not vary with time following elongation. This paper represents a test of this hypothesis by several methods. The change in crystallinity accompanying stretching has been followed by a modification of an x-ray method for uniaxial orientation proposed by Ruland in which diffraction peaks are resolved into crystalline and amorphous components and their respective areas are determined by two-dimensional integration over both the Bragg angle and the azimuthal angle of diffraction. The weight-fraction crystallinity is then determined from the ratio of the weighted crystalline area to the total area. There appears to be no significant variation in crystallinity up to 50% sample elongation for both slowly and rapidly stretched samples at room temperature. The dynamic crystallinity change accompanying small amplitude vibration has also been determined by the dynamic x-ray diffraction technique and found to be negligible over a wide range of frequency. The degree of crystallinity has also been evaluated from the absolute infrared absorbance of crystallinity-sensitive bands and has also been found to be independent of elongation at room temperature up to 80% elongation. Changes have also been observed by this method during relaxation at constant length following rapid extension and have also been found to be negligible. These results also indicate negligible changes in rotational isomer population. Consequently, we conclude that changes observed during relaxation and vibration arise from orientational changes rather than changes in the degree of crystallinity.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180131009
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical studies of the crystallization of trans 1,4-polybutadiene in stretched networks (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 2195-2219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The stress-induced crystallization of trans 1,4-polybutadiene was studied by observing changes in birefringence, stress, x-ray diffraction, and low angle light scattering during the course of crystallization. From these data, the degree of crystallinity was determined as a function of time, temperature, and elongation. Data were fitted to the Avrami equation, leading to an exponent of the order of unity. Light-scattering patterns suggested the simultaneous existence of two stretched forms: a rod-like structure oriented preferentially parallel to the stretching direction and a deformed spherulitelike growth with its greatest extension perpendicular to the stretching direction.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180131111
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light scattering studies of mixtures and fractions of linear polyethylene (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 15 (1977), S. 1189-1198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Previous work on the small-angle light scattering of polyethylene films, to determine the supermolecular structure, has been continued. One of the main efforts has been the study of a binary mixture whose low molecular weight component forms well defined spherulites and whose high molecular weight component yields a poorly defined rod-like morphology. The addition of the high molecular weight fraction causes a progressive deterioration of the initial spherulitic morphology; a relatively small amount of the high molecular weight species causes a major decrease in the spherulitic size. However, there are no indications of any spherulitic structures when the weight fraction of the high molecular weight species is 0.5 or greater. The isothermal crystallization of a fraction M = 6.6 × 105 was also studied. Spherulites were formed at low crystallization temperatures while at the higher crystallization temperatures the morphology became nondistinct. Preliminary studies with solvents indicate that high molecular fractions, which do not form spherulites when crystallized in the pure state, do so when crystallized from highly swollen solutions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.180150705
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A calibration procedure for a low-angle light-scattering apparatusSupported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation, the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society, and the Materials Research Laboratory of the University of Massachusetts. (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 1879-1882 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180161015
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarized Raman studies of crystalline and amorphous orientation in polyethylene (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polarized Raman intensities have been obtained from thin films of oriented low-density polyethylene (PE) immersed in silicone oil to minimize surface scattering. Studies were made using the 1170 cm-1 crystalline band and the 1081 cm-1 amorphous band, and from these the orientation averages 〈cos2 θ〉 and 〈cos4 θ〉 were calculated. These were found to compare favorably with the values of 〈cos2 θ〉 for the polymer chain in the crystalline and amorphous phases obtained from measurements of infrared dichroism. Both orientation averages could be theoretically fitted by using reasonable parameters.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160104
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of internal field on the birefringence of polyethylene crystals and on the anisotropy of polymer chains. I. Birefringence effects (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 1447-1459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Values of the anisotropy of polarizability of methylene groups deduced from the refractive indexes of n-paraffin crystals differ appreciably from those obtained from gas- or liquid-phase measurements. The differences is attributed to the erroneous application of the Lorenz - Lorentz internal field to the anisotropic n-paraffin crystal. A more detailed calculation of the internal field is carried out by detailed summation of the dipolar field over an idealized n-paraffin crystal in which the molecular chains are replaced by anisotropic rods. With reasonable values of parameters and assumed crystal shape, the discrepancy in polarizability anisotropy is resolved.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180130714
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