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  • 1975-1979  (16)
  • 1
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    A model of the Venus atmosphere from radio, radar, and occultation observations (1979)
    Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0004-637X
    Electronic ISSN: 1538-4357
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Center-to-limb observations of Saturn in the thermal infrared (1975)
    Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0004-637X
    Electronic ISSN: 1538-4357
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 3
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    A model of the Venus atmosphere from radio, radar, and occultation observations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model is presented of the atmosphere and surface of Venus which best fits in the least-squares sense the available radio-brightness, radar cross-section, radio interferometric, and Mariner 5 and 10 radio occultation observations. The determinations of the radius of the planet obtained by others from radar time-delay measurements are included in the data set. The values of the adjusted parameters are: molar fraction of CO2 = 95 plus or minus 3%; fraction of combined nitrogen and argon = 5 plus or minus 3%; total atmospheric opacity at a wavelength of 1 cm = 19.4 plus or minus 1.3; mean radius of the surface = 6050.7 plus or minus 0.8 km; mean dielectric constant of the surface = 4.1 plus or minus 0.2, and percentage of total opacity due to chemical species other than CO2 = 45 plus or minus 12. The model temperature and pressure at the mean surface are 755 K and 91.4 atm, respectively.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 234
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Center-to-limb observations of Saturn in the thermal infrared (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 195; Jan. 1
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    The thermal structure of Jupiter. II - Observations and analysis of 8-14 micron radiation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of Jovian limb structure at 8.11 and 8.45 microns are reported. These are used along with other limb structure and spectral data in the 8-14 micron region to derive a model of the thermal and cloud structure within the 1.0-0.01 bar pressure regime. The temperature is about 165 K at 1.00 bar, 108 K at 0.10 bar, and 143 K at 0.03 bar. In zones, an optically opaque cloud of NH3 exists near the 143 K (0.60 bar) level. A partly transparent haze of solid NH3 particles overlies the cloud. Belts are free of the cloud and have a much lower abundance of NH3 haze than the zones. The data are consistent with an NH3 gas abundance defined by saturation equilibrium, with a mixing ratio of 0.00015 deep in the atmosphere, and with a CH4 mixing ratio of 0.002, about three times the currently accepted value.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 26; Oct. 197
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    The thermal structure of Jupiter. I - Implications of Pioneer 10 infrared radiometer data (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Temperature profiles for low latitude regions of Jupiter in the 1.0-0.1 bar pressure regime are recovered from Pioneer 10 infrared radiometer data. The temperature near 0.1 bar is 108-117 K, depending on the overlying thermal structure assumed. For the South Equatorial Belt (SEB), the temperature at 1.0 bar is 170 K, assuming an adiabatic lapse rate in the deep atmosphere. The South Tropical Zone temperature at this level is 155 K if pure gaseous absorption is assumed. The temperature is much closer to that in the SEB, assuming the presence of an optically opaque cloud near the 0.6 atm (145 K) level. Such a cloud presence in the STrZ may be correlated with the visible and 5 micron appearance of the planet and with NH3 saturation just below this position. The molar fraction of H2 most consistent with the data is 0.91 + or - 0.08. The effective temperatures of the SEB and STrZ are 127.6 and 124.2 K, respectively. A discrepancy with the preliminary neutral atmosphere inversion of Pioneer 10 radio occultation data remains unexplained.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 26; Oct. 197
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    The abundance of acetylene in the atmosphere of Jupiter (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Q and R branches of the C2H2 nu(5) fundamental, observed in emission in an aircraft spectrum of Jupiter near 750/cm, have been analyzed with the help of an improved line listing for this band. The line parameters have been certified in the laboratory with the same interferometer used in the Jovian observations. The maximum mixing ratio of C2H2 is found to be between 5 times 10 to the -8th and 6 times 10 to the -9th power, depending on the form of its vertical distribution and the temperature structure assumed for the lower stratosphere. Most consistent with observations of both Q and R branches are: (1) distributions of C2H2 with a constant mixing ratio in the stratosphere and a cutoff at a total pressure of 100 mbar or less, and (2) the assumption of a temperature at 0.01 bar which is near 155 K.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 32; Dec. 197
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Multiple frequency sounding of a Jovian cloud (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A thermal asymmetry displayed in Pioneer 10 45-micron IR radiometric data between the rising and setting limbs of the Jovian South Equatorial Belt (SEB) between -5.0 and -7.0 deg latitude is examined. A high correlation is found between the longitudinal asymmetry of the SEB at 45 microns and the appearance of Jupiter in 5-micron radiation. It is shown that there was a cooler 'obscuring' cloud within the SEB latitude region which correlates highly with the location of relatively reduced intensities at 45 microns. The cloud-top temperature is estimated on the basis of simultaneous 5- and 45-micron observations
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 35; Sept
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Jupiter's spectrum between 12 and 24 micrometers (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Spectroscopic measurements of the thermal radiation from Jupiter between 12 and 24 micrometers (420 to 840 reciprocal centimeters) with a resolution of 4 reciprocal centimeters are used to infer the Jovian temperature structure in the pressure region from 0.1 to 0.4 atmosphere. The brightness-temperature spectrum is in good agreement with previous ground-based measurements between 11 and 13 micrometers and with airborne measurements between 18 and 25 micrometers. However, the integrated flux calculated for a filter window and viewing angle equivalent to those of the 20-micrometer channel of Pioneer 10 is 20 per cent below that measured by the Pioneer infrared radiometer. The Q branch of the nu-5 fundamental band of acetylene at 730 reciprocal centimeters appears in emission and leads to a mixing-ratio estimate of 10 to the -6th (plus or minus 0.5) power.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Spatially resolved absolute spectral reflectivity of Jupiter - 3390-8400 A (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 26; Oct. 197
    Format: text
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