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  • 1
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    Crystal activation experiment MA-151 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The crystal activation experiment consisted of two sample packages that were flown in the command module and returned to earth for analysis of the radioactivity induced in them during the flight. The objective of the experiment was to define the background caused by detector activation that interferes when gamma radiation is measured in the 0.02- to 10-megaelectronvolt range from earth orbit. Preliminary results show that the activation of the NaI(Tl) crystal was a factor of 3 below that from a similar measurement on Apollo 17. The identification of certain species and the level of activation observed show an important contribution from the interactions of thermal and energetic neutrons produced as secondaries in the spacecraft. That the activation was reduced by only a factor of 3 compared with the Apollo 17 experiment, despite the geomagnetically shielded orbit, possibly indicates more efficient secondary neutron production by the more energetic cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 10 p
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    SOFIP: A Short Orbital Flux Integration Program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A computer code was developed to evaluate the space radiation environment encountered by geocentric satellites. The Short Orbital Flux Integration Program (SOFIP) is a compact routine of modular compositions, designed mostly with structured programming techniques in order to provide core and time economy and ease of use. The program in its simplest form produces for a given input trajectory a composite integral orbital spectrum of either protons or electrons. Additional features are available separately or in combination with the inclusion of the corresponding (optional) modules. The code is described in detail, and the function and usage of the various modules are explained. A program listing and sample outputs are attached.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80340 , NSSDC/WDC-A-R/S-79-01
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    Observation of radioactive background in the OSO-7 gamma ray monitor (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The counting rate as measured by the gamma ray monitor on the OSO-7 satellite, covering the energy range 0.3-10 MeV, during a sixteen month period (October 1971-December 1972) was considerably higher than expected from balloon data previously reported. Dyer et al. (1971) have shown the importance of activation in satellites for diffuse gamma flux measurements. The OSO-7 spectra exhibit strong, complex line structure, especially between 400 keV and 900 keV, and several identifications can be made consistent with the model of Dyer et al. The spectral structure and time variations are presented which must be explained by any activation model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Interpretation of the radioactive background observed in the OSO-7 gamma-ray monitor (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Application of a spallation activation calculation to the OSO-7 gamma-ray monitor background shows that major line features and about 30% of the continuum can be understood as activation of the central detector crystal by trapped protons. Weaker line features arise from activation of materials unshielded by the anticoincidence cup, while the remaining continuum and annihilation line would seem to come largely from electron-photon cascades originating in the spacecraft.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Distortion of the microwave background by a hot intergalactic medium (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The distortion of the cosmic microwave background by a hot, optically thin intergalactic medium (IGM) is calculated using the full frequency redistribution function. Even if the IGM produces all of the cosmic X-ray background, the distortion of the microwave background is not detectable in the present observational data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 232
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Implications of gamma ray observations for particle acceleration Experimental prospects (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The relationship of gamma ray observations to the energetic particle acceleration phenomena is discussed. In particular the requirements for production of gamma rays by energetic particles are reviewed. The present state of observations of gamma rays is also reviewed and where there is a clear connection, the implications for particle acceleration theory is pointed out. In conclusion, a brief summary is given for instrument capabilities for the next major USA satellite experiments to be conducted in the 1980s.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Particle acceleration mechanisms in astrophysics; Jan 03, 1979 - Jan 05, 1979; La Jolla, CA
    Format: text
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