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  • GEOPHYSICS  (14)
  • Age; AGE; Approximate age of pith; Density, maximum; Density, minimum; Earlywood density; Earlywood width; IKONLAGM; Ikon river, Russia; Latewood density; Latewood width; NHD/WSL; Northern Hemispheric Dendroclimatological Network; Ring width; TREE; Tree ring sampling; WDD
  • Macrocycles
  • 1975-1979  (14)
Collection
Keywords
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Protons as the prime contributors to storm time ring current (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Following a large sudden commencement on June 17, 1972, a large magnetic storm evolved, with a well-developed main phase and recovery phase. Explorer 45 (S3-A), with its apogee near 16 hours local time in June, measured the equatorial particle populations and magnetic field throughout this period. By use of data obtained during the symmetric recovery phase it is shown that through a series of self-consistent calculations, the measured protons, with energies from 1 to 872 keV, can account for almost all of the observed ring current magnetic effects within the limits of experimental uncertainties. This enables us to set an upper limit to the heavy ion contribution to the storm time ring current of a few percent of the proton contribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept. 1
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Substorm-injected protons and electrons and the injection boundary model (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analysis of observations of substorm-associated enhancements of proton and electron fluxes: (1) makes a strong case for the existence of a boundary limiting the regional particle injection associated with substorms, (2) supports the hypothesis that the injection process is almost instantaneous (less than approximately 5 min), and (3) indicates that the injection takes place within a large region extending at least several earth radii tailward of the injection boundary. The injection boundary model is superior to others in that it simultaneously explains: (1) the drift and energy dispersion of substorm-injected protons between 1 and 30 keV, (2) the relative behavior of protons with 81 deg and 27 deg pitch angles, (3) the absence of observed electrons below 30 keV, and (4) the time dispersion of impulsively injected electrons seen outside the plasmapause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 3
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    Injection boundary dynamics during a geomagnetic storm (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A series of proton and electron injections were observed by Explorer 45 associated with several substorms during the main phase of the Feb. 24, 1972 geomagnetic storm. The 1- to 290-keV protons and 1- to 560-keV electrons were observed in the evening quadrant up to L of about 5.2. A model distorted dipole magnetic field and McIlwain's E3 convection electric field were used to backtrack the energy-dispersed electron and proton fluxes to their source at the time of injection. The source turns out to be a region extending over several earth radii outside an injection boundary. In the night magnetosphere, the inferred injection boundary is displaced inward with each successive substorm. The energy dispersion plot of the particles injected during orbit 314 indicates that as the energy of the observed particles decreases there is a smooth transition to the position of the plasmapause. This suggests that for that substorm the injection boundary and the plasmapause were one and the same. The proton 'noses' reported by Smith and Hoffman (1974) are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Aug. 1
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  • 4
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    Some early results from the ATS-6 radio beacon experiment (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The multifrequency satellite radio beacon enables the measurement of the columnar electron content of the ionosphere and plasmasphere along the ray path and its spatial and temporal structure. Measurements include modulation phase, Faraday rotation, and amplitude. The characteristics of the beacon transmitter and its design are presented together with the design of the Boulder receiver and antennas and the calibration procedures. A shape factor F is defined which depends on the electron density and geomagnetic field distributions. It is found that F varies by about 30% from day to night. It is shown that the ratio of the plasmaspheric content to total content varies from about 0.08 during the day to about 0.35 at night. Other examples which are presented to illustrate the uses of the radio beacon include sunrise effects, solar flare enhancements of total content, and the ionospheric storms of early July 1974.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 10; Aug
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  • 5
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    Repeated sharp flux dropouts observed at 6.6 earth radii during a geomagnetic storm (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A number of repeated rapid flux dropouts have been observed at 6.6 earth radii by the low-energy proton detectors on board the ATS 6 satellite during the July 4-6, 1974, geomagnetic storm period. These rapid flux changes are caused by the fact that the outer boundary of the trapped radiation region moves back and forth past the satellite. Although a tilting field line configuration can cause the boundary to pass the satellite, as has frequently been reported in the literature, the boundary is shown to be distorted by a large surface wave traveling eastward around the earth. The maximum velocity of the wave was observed to be about 40 km/s.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Jan. 1
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  • 6
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    Explorer 45 /S3-A/ observations of the magnetosphere and magnetopause during the August 4-6, 1972, magnetic storm period (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Explorer 45 (S3-A) satellite performed extensive field and particle measurements in the heart of the magnetosphere during the double magnetic storm period of August 4-6, 1972. Both the ground level magnetic records and the magnetic field deformations measured along the orbit by the satellite indicated the existence of only a moderate ring current. This was confirmed by the measurements of the total proton energy density by the on-board particle detectors, which showed a maximum energy density less than the densities observed during the December 1971 and June 1972 magnetic storms. The plasmapause in the noon quadrant was eroded continuously from the onset of the first storm at the beginning of August 4 to an altitude below L = 2.07 at about 1800 hours on August 5. Throughout the entire orbit during which the second sudden commencement occurred, a large amount of low-frequency electric and magnetic field noise was encountered. The most remarkable observation during this orbit was the contraction of the magnetopause to distances inside the satellite location at L = 5.2.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Nov. 1
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  • 7
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    Ring current proton decay by charge exchange (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Explorer 45 (S3-A) measurements were made during the recovery phase of the moderate magnetic storm of February 24, 1972, in which a symmetric ring current had developed and effects due to asymmetric ring current losses could be eliminated. It was found that after the initial rapid decay of the proton flux, which is a consequence of the dissipation of the asymmetric ring current, the equatorially mirroring protons in the energy range 5-30 keV decayed throughout the L value range of 3.5-5.0 at the charge exchange decay rate calculated by Liemohn (1961). After several days of decay, the proton fluxes reached a lower limit where an apparent equilibrium was maintained, between weak particle source mechanisms and the loss mechanisms, until fresh protons were injected into the ring current region during substorms. While other proton loss mechanisms may also be operating, the results indicate that charge exchange is more than sufficient as a particle loss mechanism for the storm time proton ring current decay.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; June 1
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  • 8
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    Satellite observations of the spatial extent and structure of Pc 3, 4, 5 pulsations near the magnetospheric equator (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Simultaneous observations of Pc 3, 4, 5 pulsations by five satellites in the pre-noon local time sector at and near synchronous orbit are examined. The periods of these simultaneous pulsations are not the same at the different observation points. This difference is attributed to site dependent resonant conditions. The spatial properties of the temporal phenomenon are demonstrated with observations by ISEE-1 and -2 as they pass through oscillations in a spatially limited region. Fundamental and second harmonic standing Alfven waves are observed simultaneously on the same field line. The periods are consistent with model predictions when the measured plasma composition, which by mass consists mainly of singly ionized oxygen, is taken into account.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Nov. 197
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  • 9
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    Ring current proton decay by charge exchange (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Explorer 45 measurements during the recovery phase of a moderate magnetic storm have confirmed that the charge exchange decay mechanism can account for the decay of the storm-time proton ring current. Data from the moderate magnetic storm of 24 February 1972 was selected for study since a symmetrical ring current had developed and effects due to asymmetric ring current losses could be eliminated. It was found that after the initial rapid decay of the proton flux, the equatorially mirroring protons in the energy range 5 to 30 keV decayed throughout the L-value range of 3.5 to 5.0 at the charge exchange decay rate calculated by Liemohn. After several days of decay, the proton fluxes reached a lower limit where an apparent equilibrium was maintained, between weak particle source mechanisms and the loss mechanisms, until fresh protons were injected into the ring current region during substorms. While other proton loss mechanisms may also be operating, the results indicate that charge exchange can entirely account for the storm-time proton ring current decay, and that this mechanism must be considered in all studies involving the loss of proton ring current particles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70997 , X-626-75-251
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    F-region enhancements induced by solar flares (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: ATS-6 total electron content (NT) observations during solar flares exhibit four types of response: (1) a sudden increase in NT (SITEC) for about 2 min with several maxima in growth rate, then a maximum or a distinct slowing in growth, followed by a slow smooth increase to a flat peak, and finally a slow decay in NT; (2) a SITEC that occurs during ionospheric storms, where NT decays abruptly after the first maximum; (3) slow enhancements devoid of distinct impulsive structure in growth rate; and (4) no distinct response in NT, even for relatively large soft X-ray flares. Flare-induced increases in NT are dominated by low-loss F2 ionization produced by 90-911-A emission. The impulsive flare component is relatively intense in the 90-911-A range, but is short lived and weak for flares near the edge of the visible solar disk and for certain slow flares. The impulsive flare component produces the rapid rise, the sharp maxima in growth rate, and the first maximum in SITECs. The slow flare components are strong in the 1-90-A range but relatively weak in the 90-911-A range and accumulatively contribute to the second maximum in type 1 and 3 events, except during storms when F2 loss rates are abnormally high in type 2 events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on The geophysical use of satellite beacon observations; Jun 01, 1976 - Jun 04, 1976; Boston, MA
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