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  • Organic Chemistry  (7)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (2)
  • 78.70
  • Dactylosphaera vitifolii
  • 1975-1979  (9)
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  • 1
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    A combined TLD/emulsion method of sampling dosimetry applied to Apollo missions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A system which simplifies the complex monitoring methods used to measure the astronaut's radiation exposure in space is proposed. The excess dose equivalents of trapped protons and secondary neutrons, protons, and alpha particles from local nuclear interactions are determined and a combined thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)/nuclear emulsion method which measures the absorbed dose with thermoluminescent dosimeter chips is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-160367
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Nuclear emulsion measurements of the dose contribution from tissue disintegration stars on the Apollo-Soyuz mission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A total of 996 disintegration stars were prong-counted in two 100 micron llford K.2 emulsions from the dosimeter of the Docking Pilot on Apollo-Soyuz. The change of slope of the distribution at a prong number of about 6 or 7 indicates 219 stars as originating in gelatin. Applying the QF values set forth in official regulations to the energy spectra of the proton and a alpha prongs of the gelatin stars leads to a tissue star dose of 7.8 millirad or 45 millirem. The quoted values do not include the dose contribution from star-produced neutrons since neutrons do not leave visible prongs in emulsion. Nuclear theory, in good agreement with measurements of galactic radiation in the earth's atmosphere, indicates that the dose equivalent from neutrons is about equal to the one from all ionizing secondaries of stars. Application of this proposition to the star prong spectrum found on Apollo-Soyuz would set the total tissue star dose for the mission at approximately 90 millirem.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-151349 , REPT-2
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclisierungen mit 1-Nitro-2-anilino-äthylenen (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 319 (1977), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclizations with 1-nitro-2-anilino-ethylenesThe reaction of 1-nitro-2-anilino-2-methylthio-ethylenes 1 with oxalyl chloride yields the substituted 4-nitropyrrol-2,3-diones 4, and with chlorocarbonyl-sulfenylchloride the 5-nitro-thiazolones 6. The methylthio group from 6 can be exchanged by amines. From 1-nitro-2,2-bis(anilino)ethylenes 2 - available from 1-nitro-2,2-bis(methylthio)-ethylene and anilines - and the same reagents, the substituted 2-nitromethylene-imidazolidine-4,5-diones 5 and the thiazolo[4,5-d]thiazoledione 9 result. The condensation of 1-nitro-2-anilino-2-hydrazino-ethylene 3 with derivatives of carboxylic acids yields 2-nitromethyl-s-triazole 12, with diacetyl the substituted 3-nitromethylene-as-triazine 13.
    Notes: 1-Nitro-2-anilino-2-methylmercapto-äthylen 1 reagiert mit Oxalylchlorid zu substituierten 4-Nitropyrroldionen-(2,3) 4 und mit Chlorcarbonyl-sulfenylchlorid zu substituierten 5-Nitrothiazolonen-(2) 6, deren Methylmercaptogruppe gegen Amine austauschbar ist. 1-Nitro-2,2-bis(anilino)-äthylene 2 - erhältlich aus 1-Nitro-2,2-bis(methylmercapto)-äthylen und Anilinen  -  liefert mit den gleichen Agenzien substituierte 2-Nitromethylenimidazolidindione-(4,5) 5 und das Thiazolo[4,5-d]thiazoldion 9. 1-Nitro-2-anilino-2-hydrazino-äthylen 3 wird mit Carbonsäurederivaten zu substituierten 2-Nitromethyl-s-triazolen 12, mit Diacetyl zum 3-Nitromethylen-as-triazin derivat 13 kondensiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19773190120
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Notiz zur Reaktion von Kohlenoxidsulfid mit methylenaktiven Nitrilen (1975)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 337-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19753170220
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Einstufige Synthese von Arylaminomethylen-cyanamiden (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 318 (1976), S. 347-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19763180221
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaktionen mit α-Cyan-α-acetyl-thioacetamid (1975)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 771-778 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die aus Cyanthioacetamid erhältliche Titelverbindung 1 wird mit Bromessigester bzw. Chloracetonitril zu 4-Hydroxy- bzw. 4-Amino-thiazol-Derivaten 2 umgesetzt, deren Behandlung mit Diazomethan in Dimethylformamid nicht nur eine O-Alkylierung, sondern  -  unter Teilnahme des Dimethylformamids  -  auch die Einführung einer Dimethylaminogruppe in die freie 5-Position zur Folge hat, wobei die tiefgefärbten Thiazolderivate 4, 5 resultieren. Das O-methylierte Thiazolon-(4)-Derivat 3 kondensiert mit Aldehyden zu den 5-Aryliden-thiazolonen-(4) 6. Verbindung 1 kann S-alkyliert und zum Disulfid oxydiert werden; bei der Reaktion mit Brom entsteht das substituierte 5-Aminoisothiazol 10.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19753170510
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    3-Amino-isothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine (1975)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 317 (1975), S. 959-964 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 3-Amino-isothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinesThe reaction of 3-cyanopyridine-2-thiones 1 with hydroxyl-amine-O-sulfonic acid leads to 3-cyanopyridine-2-sulfenamides 2 which in the presence of bases immediately cyclize to form 3-amino-isothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridines 3. Side reaction is the oxidation which occurs predominantly in the reaction of 1 with chloramine to form the disulfides 4. With chloramine, the isothiazolopyridine is obtained only in the case of 4,6-dimethyl-3-cyano-pyridine-2-thione.
    Notes: 3-Cyanpyridinthione-(2) 1 reagieren mit Hydroxylamin-O-sulfonsäure zu 3-Cyan-pyridin-(2)-sulfenylaminen 2, die in Gegenwart von Basen sofort zu 3-Amino-isothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinen 3 cyclisieren. Nebenreaktion ist die Oxydation zu den Di-(pyridyl-2)-disulfiden 4, die bei der Umsetzung von 1 mit Chloramin  -  das nur mit dem 4,6-Dimethyl-3-cyanpyridinthion-(2) 1a zum Isothiazolopyridin 3a reagiert  -  dominiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19753170612
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Darstellung und Reaktionen von 2-Arylamino-3-nitrochinolinen (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 318 (1976), S. 39-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Reactions of 2-Arylamino-3-nitroquinolinesCondensation of 1-nitro-2,2-bis(methylthio)ethylene with esters of anthranilic acid yields 2-arylamino-3-nitro-4-quinolones. 2. Analogously, from 1-nitro-2-anilino-2-methylthioethylene and o-aminoketones, 2-anilino-3-nitroquinolines 4 are obtained which can be reduced to 2-anilino-3-amino-quinolines 7. The latter undergo cyclizations by usual methods to yield substituted triazolo-, imidazolo-, diazepino- and pyrazino-quinolines 9-12. Reaction of ethyl-2-aminothiophene-3-carboxylates with 1-nitro-2-anilino-2-methylthio-ethylene affords 2-anilino-3-nitrothieno[2,3-b]-4-pyridones 5.
    Notes: 1-Nitro-2,2-di-(methylmercapto)-äthylen kondensiert mit Anthranilsäureestern zu den 2-Arylamino-3-nitrochinolonen-(4) 2. Analog reagiert 1-Nitro-2-anilino-2-methylmercaptoäthylen mit o-Amino-ketonen zu 2-Anilino-3-nitrochinolinen 4, deren Reduktion 2-Anilino-3-aminochinoline 7 liefert. Letztere lassen sich nach bekannten Methoden zu substituierten Triazolo- 9, Imidazolo-10, Diazepino-11 und Pyrazino[b]chinolinen 12 cyclisieren. Bei der Reaktion von 2-Amino-thiophen-3-carbonsäureestern mit 1-Nitro-2-anilino-2-methylmercaptoäthylen entstehen 2-Anilino-3-nitro-thieno[2, 3-b]pyridone-(4) 5.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19763180106
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthese und Reaktionen von 3-Bromisothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinen (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 318 (1976), S. 779-784 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Reactions of 3-Bromoisothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinesThe reaction of 3-cyano-pyridine-2-thiones with bromine yields 3-bromisothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridines 2 which by treatment with bases undergo ring opening. From 2a and piperidine the pyridine-2-sulfenamide 3 arises, with diethylmalonate the substituted 3-amino-thienopyridine 5, and with cuprous cyanide the 2-thiocyanato-pyridine 4 are obtained. The quaternary pyridinium salts derived from 2a - d contain active methyl groups.
    Notes: 3-Cyanpyridinthione-(2) 1 reagieren mit Brom zu 3-Bromisothiazolo[5,4-b]-pyridinen 2, die von starken Basen in die Cyanpyridinthione rückgespalten werden. Bei der Behandlung von 2a mit Piperidin entsteht das 3-Cyanpyridin-2-sulfenamid 3, mit Kupfer(I)-cyanid das 2-Rhodano-3-cyanpyridin 4 und mit Malonester unter Basenkatalyse der 3-Amino-thienopyridin-2-carbonsäureester 5. Die Quartärsalze von 2 verfügen über aktive Methylgruppen.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19763180509
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