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  • 1975-1979  (5)
  • 1900-1904  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 1021-1050 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: At the beginning of the polymerisation and in the presence of only a small amount of precipitated polymer the kinetics of the precipitation polymerisation of styrene corresponds to that of a solution polymerisation. But at molecular weights higher than 5000 the ratio of the termination and propagation rate constants is appreciably larger than in solution polymerisation.At conversions lower than 0,05% the number N of particles reaches a value which remains constant during further polymerisation. At a constant monomer concentration N increases with the square of the molecular weight and thus decreases with increasing initiator concentration. Therefore, the theory of particle formation must be reconsidered.Precipitated polymer increases the overall rate of polymerisation proportional to its surface without changing the rate of polymerisation within the solution. Only a small fraction of the polymer radicals is adsorbed by particles before their propagation is terminated. These radicals continue to polymerise on the surface of the particles and increase the overall velocity of polymerisation. The larger the surface of all particles the more rarely termination of an adsorbed radical occurs. Therefore, its kinetic chain length and the molecular heterogeneity of the whole polymer increase with the conversion. The area covered by one radical has the expected magnitude.
    Notes: Zu Beginn und in Gegenwart von nur wenig gefälltem Polymerem entspricht die Kinetik der Fällungspolymerisation von Styrol derjenigen von Lösungspolymerisationen, wobei jedoch das Verhältnis von Abbruchs- und Wachstumskonstante bei Molekulargewichten oberhalb 5000 erheblich größer als bei Lösungspolymerisationen ist.Bei Umsätzen unterhald 0,05% stellt sich eine während der weiteren Polymerisation konstante Teilchenzahl N ein. Bei konstanter Monomerkonzentration steigt N mit dem Quadrat des Molekulargewichtes, sinkt also mit wachsender Initiatorkonzentration ab. Die Theorie der Teilchenbildung muß deshalb neu überdacht werden.Gefälltes Polymeres vergrößert die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit proportional zu seiner Oberfläche, ohne die Polymerisation in der Lösung zu verändern. Nur ein kleiner Teil der entstehenden Polymerradikale lagert sich vor dem Abbruch des Wachstums an Teilchen an und polymerisiert auf deren Oberfläche weiter. Der Abbruch eines adsorbierten Radikals erfolgt um so seltener, je größer die Oberfläche aller Teilchen ist. Deshalb steigt seine kinetische Kettenlänge und damit die Uneinheitlichkeit des gesamten Polymeren mit dem Umsatz. Der Flächenbedarf eines Radikals hat die erwartete Größenordnung.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The distributions of molecular weights and of chemical compositions of a binary linear copolymer may be determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) followed by turbidimetric titration of the eluates. Eluate fractions of 5,0ml are automatically collected and titrated within 7 min. The intensity R of the scattered light at a wavelength λ0=940nm is measured at an angle of 19° to the primary beam and corrected for the change of solution volume V during titration. The solubilities of chemically different molecules of a mixture are influenced somewhat but not substantially by the components of the mixture.During the titration the turbidity of the eluates from graft copolymers often increases with time discontinuously, the points of inflection indicating the precipitation of a new species of molecules. If the dependence of solubility on chemical composition and concentration is known for the particular elution volume, the chemical composition of each species of the titrated molecules may be evaluated from these points of inflection. The elution volume VE and the chemical composition are used for obtaining the molecular weight M from plots of M vs. VE for different chemical compositions. The concentration of a certain species of molecules in the eluate cannot be derived from R itself as has been tried up to now because the turbidity continues to increase after complete precipitation of the polymer. However the rate of coagulation is proportional to the concentration c of precipitated polymer. This leads to a nearly linear dependence of R · V/V0 on log V with a slope porportional to c2. The velocity constants of this coagulation are nearly independent of molecular weight and chemical composition. Therefore the concentration of the first precipitated component of a mixture may be determined absolutely with a relative error of about ±4% at a concentration of 50 mg/l of the mixture. The molecules of a second component of the mixture precipitated at a later stage of the titration are quickly adsorbed by the particles of the first component. After this the enlarged particles coagulate with the coagulation constant of the second component. The velocity of coagulation is now proportional to the sum of the concentrations of the first and second components. The distribution of chemical compositions of the molecules in an eluate may therefore be derived from the increase of turbidity with volume at different points of the titration curve. By plotting such distribution perpendicularly over the curves representing constant elution volume in the M-composition-plane one obtains a three-dimensional surface resembling a mountain range which characterises completely the molecular and compositional distribution of a binary copolymer.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2661-2682 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: After the precipìtation of polymer from a solution of concentration c the light scattering intensity R0 (in the direction of the primary beam) usually does not reach a constant value but is equal to kc2t, t being the time since precipitation. The constant k does not depend on molecular weight M (104〈M〈106) and is proportional to 1/η1, η1 being the viscosity of the dispersing medium. Various polymers with refractive index increments vi have nearly the same value of k/vi2. Furthermore long chain branching or intramolecular crosslinks do not influence this value. These results prove that the coagulation of polymers is controlled by diffusion (theory of coagulation by Smoluchowski).Coagulation and coalescence are retarded if the polymer molecules are able to associate or to crystallise. They stop at low particle weights if the particles are hard or if they carry about 10 electric elementary charges per particle.During turbidimetric titrations freshly precipitated molecules are quickly adsorbed by the existing particles, thus increasing mainly the number average particle weight. If this increase in turbidity is small compared to that resulting from the coagulation of particles, the increase of R0·V/V0 with log V is proportional to the square of the concentration of all the precipitated molecules during titrations of chemically equal molecules. (V is the volume of the titrated solution.) From titration curves one may thus derive the distributions of solubilities and molecular weights. Similar evaluations give the distribution of chemical compositions, if polymers with nearly equal molecular weights are titrated (GPC-eluates).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 89 (1977), S. 773-788 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In diesem Aufsatz wird gezeigt, wie stark die Verhakung („entanglement“) von fadenförmigen Molekülen viele Eigenschaften der weichen Polymere und der Lösungen makromolekularer Stoffe beeinflußt. So führt die molekulare Vorstellung der Verhakung zu quantitativen Aussagen über die Abhängigkeit der Verhakungszahl von der Art des Polymers, der Konzentration und der Dehnung. Experimentelle Werte des Relaxationsmoduls bestätigen diese Voraussagen bei Schmelzen und Lösungen. Der Einfluß der Verhakung auf die Vorgänge des Relaxierens und Fließens führt zu sehr einfachen Beziehungen für die Stärke der Strukturviskosität und die Größe der Schubspannung, bei der Strukturviskosität beobachtet wird. Bei konzentrierten Lösungen lassen sich osmotischer Druck, Lichtstreuung und Diffusionskoeffizient quantitativ aus der Konformationsbeschränkung durch Verhakung ableiten. Verhakungen wirken oberhalb einer Konzentration, bei der die Knäuel das Lösungsvolumen erfüllen, wahrscheinlich aber auch schon unterhalb davon. Bei sehr hohen Konzentrationen können Verhakungsstrukturen mit anomal starker Konformationsbehinderung entstehen. Die Quellung und das Dehnungsverhalten vernetzter, weicher Polymere können erst bei Berücksichtigung der Verhakung verstanden werden.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 16 (1977), S. 751-766 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Entanglement ; Thread molecules ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This article shows the extent to which the entanglement of threadlike molecules can influence many of the properties of deformable polymers and of solutions of macromolecular substances. Thus, the molecular concept of entanglement leads to quantitative predictions of the dependence of the entanglement number on the nature of the polymer, its concentration, and extension. Experimental values of the relaxation modulus confirm these predictions for melts and solutions. The influence of entanglemnt on relaxation and flow processes leads to very simple relationships for the magnitudes of the structural viscosity and the shear stress at which the structural viscosity starts to become measurable. Osmotic pressures, light scattering intensities, and diffusion coefficients of concentrated solutions can be derived quantitatively from the conformational constraints due to entanglement. Entanglement is effective above a concentration at which the three-dimensional coils fill the solution volume, and probably also at lower concentrations. At very high concentrations entangled structures may be formed which drastically reduce the number of possible conformations. The swelling and extension behavior of cross-linked deformable polymers can be understood only if entanglement is taken into account.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 37 (1904), S. 1962-1964 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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