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  • Chemical Engineering  (249)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (173)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (422)
  • 1975-1979  (414)
  • 1925-1929  (8)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The detection of structure in amorphous polymers by electron microscopy: Particle flow (1975)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During the last several years there has been considerable interest in the occurrence of structure in certain bulk polymers normally thought to be structurally homogeneous. Specifically, it has been proposed that polymers produced by emulsion polymerization may retain a particle structure in the bulk state. This has been demonstrated by both rheological measurements and by electron microscopy. In this work we show conclusively that at least part of the particle structure observed by electron microscopy for polystyrene is an intrinsic feature of the fracture surface and is in no way related to the history of the sample.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760150211
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glass bead-filled polypropylene part I: Rheological and mechanical propertiesPresented in part at the 34th ANTEC Soc. Plastics Eng., April 26-29, 1976, Atlantic City, N. J. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 657-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Five glass bead-filled polypropylene composites were rheologically characterized at 240°C using two rotational rheometers to obtain low shear-rate data and a capillary rheometer to obtain high shear-rate data. Both steady and dynamic properties were measured at low shear rates. Each composite was also injection molded into tensile and flexural test bars for a mechanical properties profile at 25°C. The tensile modulus was determined from a simple extensional deformation whereas the flexural modulus was determined from a three-point-bend test.The relative shear viscosity and relative loss modulus are different nonlinear functions of the volume fraction of beads at a constant shear rate, while the relative storage modulus appears to be a linear function of bead fraction. The relative viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate and the zero shear-rate data are in very good agreement with the Guth-Gold equation.The relative tensile modulus and relative flexural modulus are each linear functions of bead fraction over the entire range of filler concentration, 0-29 vol percent. From these data it is concluded that a simple correspondence between slow viscous flow and small strain elasticity does not exist for these composites.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170902
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of temperature on compressive fatigue of polystyrene (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1117-1126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Compressive fatigue experiments have been designed to compare this long term mechanical life property with shorter term stress-strain behavior. Fatigue lifetime curves can be represented by three distinct regions. The fatigue failure curves shift to shorter lifetimes and lower stresses as temperature is increased. The results are discussed in terms of the Zhurkov model of static fatigue failure. Using a Coulomb-Navier yield criterion modified rate expression, it is clear that activation energy and activation volume are functions of temperature. A change in temperature dependence of activation energy and endurance limiting stress occurs near the β transition suggesting that this molecular process is related to the fatigue process. The nearly identical dependence of fatigue and stress-strain activation energies and activation volumes with temperature suggest that both deformation processes may be controlled by a similar mechanism, i.e., localized plastic deformation. Utilizing these concepts, a simple model of fatigue allows correlation of the endurance limiting stress and the number of stress cycles at the endurance limiting stress with measures of resistance to plastic flow as determined from stress-strain data for this polystyrene. These data are used to project the longest and shortest mechanical fatigue lifetimes for these deformation conditions.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181413
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature effect on the electrical resistivity of metal/polymer composites (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper the effect of temperature and filler content φ on electrical resistivity of styrene-acrylonitrile polymer filled with iron or aluminium powders has been investigated. The resistivity of such composites decreases suddenly by several orders of magnitude at a critical volume concentration φc, which depends on the size distribution of particles and on thermal history. For filler content lower than φc, the resistivity decreases with increasing temperature, whereas for φ 〉 φc there is a sudden increase in resistivity at temperatures near the glass transition temperature of the polymeric matrix. This effect is more pronounced than the previously reported data on other composite systems.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180410
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface modification of polymers and practical adhesion (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 440-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The, nature of polymer surfaces has received increasing attention as the use of these materials, in a variety of forms, increases yearly. Modifications of polymer surfaces for adhesion, friction, and diffusion oriented appiications have necessitated a careful analysis of the surfade region morphology (surface physics) and chemical properties of the surface layer (surface chemistry). The behavior of composite structures has involved the discipline of classical fracture mechanics. The orientation of polymeric species or additives which migrate to the interface may modify the wetting characteristics and, most certainly, the frictional properties in addition to the diffusion of penetrant species beyond the boundary layer. The above topics are discussed within the framework of recent analytical and theoretical developments in surface science. The findings of these recent studies have facilitated many exciting technological advances.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170705
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear viscoelasticity of “hard elastic” polypropylene fibers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 406-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: “Hard elastic” polypropylene fibers respond nonlinearly to stress at all strains. Low tenacities at break (less than 1 g/denier), low moduli of elasticity (slopes of stress-strain curves from 2.8 to 28 g/denier), and large breaking extensions (over 800 percent) are characteristic of “hard elastic” fibers. Behavior in simple extension, cyclic extension, and stress relaxation can be represented by a quasi-linear viscoelastic model which uses a continuous relaxation spectrum and a quasilinear relation between stress history T(t)and strain history λ(t): \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ T(t) = T^e [\lambda (t)] + \int_0^t {T^e [\lambda (\tau)]\dot G(t - \tau){\rm d}\tau } $$\end{document} where Te[λ(t)] is the elastic response. When creep data are available, this model should provide a unified representation of experimental observations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160605
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the thermal and mechanical degradation of glassy polystyrene by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 162-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal and mechanical degradation of glassy polystyrene has been studied by Fourier Transform Infrared, FT-IR, spectroscopy. Using difference spectroscopy we have found that the products formed from these two modes of degradation were significantly different. This result is in contrast with other workers who found similar products for the thermal and mechanical degradation of polystyrene by mass spectroscopy. Our result suggests a reassessment of the thermal activation mechanism for mechanically-induced bond scission. We have also found that the distribution of oxidation products appears to depend upon the environment in which the polymer is mechanically degraded. Finally, we have demonstrated the utility of FT-IR spectroscopy for studying the mechanical degradation of polymers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190220
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elongational viscosity of microbead suspensions (1975)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 679-683 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A ‘tubeless syphon’ was used as an elongational viscometer for the purpose of measuring elongational viscosities of glass bead suspensions in dilute polymer solutions. It was found that while the shear viscosities increased, the elongational viscosities decreased very sharply with increasing bead concentration. The conclusions from the present data are then compared with the observed changes in the elastic properties of two phase molten polymer systems. A double shift procedure has been successfully adopted to correlate the experimental data.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760150908
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some comments on post extrusion swelling phenomena: Die entrance or die passage (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 724-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanistic origins of the post extrusion swelling phenomenon have been the subject of considerable debate. Conflicting theories have postulated that it is caused either by (1) deformations at the die entrance which are recovered upon die exit as a consequence of viscoelastic memory or (2) elastic enorgy, which is stored during capillary flow by the action of normal stress, and subsequently released upon die exit or by both (1) and (2). We have described these situations by mathematical models and show that the resulting equations are similar despite different origins. The difficulties in interpreting the results mechanistically are discussed. Empirically, the results can be described as being exponential in capillary residence irrespective of cause.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171005
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature on the compressive stress-strain properties of polystyrene (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1109-1116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The compressive stress-strain behavior of a commercial polystyrene has been studied and the effect of deformation temperature on modulus, yield stress, percent yield strain and yield energy was determined. Yield energy is the only one of these parameters that is linear with temperature in the ductile region. A change in the mode of failure from ductile to brittle occurs between 5-30°C at a strain rate of O.1/in./in./min. At all temperatures studied, the yield or fracture stress varied linearly with the rate of deformation for strain rates ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 in./in./min. The yield data as a function of temperature were analyzed via a rate expression modified to incorporate the Coulomb-Navier yield criterion, Activation energy was found to be a function of deformation temperature with a change in slope occurring near the β transition. Activation volume increased linearly with deformation temperature, for the range studied. Agreement of dynamic mechanical and yield activation energies imply that the type of motion and the height of the energy barrier are similar for both. However, an increase in activation volume for stressed vs unstressed conditions suggests that a greater number of chain segments move as a result of stress biasing. Also the increase of both activation volume and activation energy with temperature implies that the correlated length of chain movement increases as temperature is increased. Similar to activation energy, yield stress exhibits a change in temperature dependence near the β transition. Data on other glassy polymers suggest that the highest temperature sub-Tg, transition is related to the change in the temperature dependence of yield stress.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181412
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